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bnb-chain logobsc

A BNB Smart Chain client based on the go-ethereum fork

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Quick Overview

BNB Chain (formerly Binance Smart Chain) is an Ethereum-compatible blockchain network designed for running smart contract-based applications. It aims to bring programmability and interoperability to the Binance Chain, offering high throughput, low latency, and low transaction costs.

Pros

  • High performance with fast block times and low transaction fees
  • Ethereum compatibility, allowing easy migration of Ethereum dApps
  • Strong ecosystem support from Binance and a large community
  • Cross-chain interoperability with Binance Chain

Cons

  • Relatively centralized compared to other blockchain networks
  • Potential regulatory concerns due to its association with Binance
  • Limited validator set, which may impact decentralization
  • Dependency on Binance's reputation and success

Code Examples

// Example of creating a new account
privateKey, err := crypto.GenerateKey()
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

address := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(privateKey.PublicKey)
fmt.Println("New account address:", address.Hex())

// Example of sending a transaction
client, err := ethclient.Dial("https://bsc-dataseed.binance.org")
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

nonce, err := client.PendingNonceAt(context.Background(), fromAddress)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

gasPrice, err := client.SuggestGasPrice(context.Background())
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

tx := types.NewTransaction(nonce, toAddress, value, gasLimit, gasPrice, nil)
signedTx, err := types.SignTx(tx, types.NewEIP155Signer(chainID), privateKey)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

err = client.SendTransaction(context.Background(), signedTx)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}

fmt.Printf("tx sent: %s", signedTx.Hash().Hex())

// Example of a simple smart contract
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract SimpleStorage {
    uint256 private storedData;

    function set(uint256 x) public {
        storedData = x;
    }

    function get() public view returns (uint256) {
        return storedData;
    }
}

Getting Started

To get started with BNB Chain development:

  1. Install Go and set up your development environment.
  2. Clone the BNB Chain repository: 
    git clone https://github.com/bnb-chain/bsc.git
  3. Build the geth client: 
    cd bsc
make geth
  4. Run a full node: 
    ./build/bin/geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node

For more detailed instructions, refer to the official BNB Chain documentation.

Competitor Comparisons

ethereum logo

go-ethereum

47,370

Go implementation of the Ethereum protocol

Pros of go-ethereum

  • Larger and more active community, with more contributors and frequent updates
  • Extensive documentation and resources for developers
  • Battle-tested codebase with a longer history of security audits

Cons of go-ethereum

  • Higher gas fees and slower transaction processing compared to BSC
  • More complex architecture, potentially making it harder for new developers to contribute
  • Scalability challenges due to its proof-of-work consensus mechanism

Code Comparison

go-ethereum:

func (s *Ethereum) Start() error {
    if err := s.startEthService(); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

bsc:

func (s *BinanceSmartChain) Start() error {
    if err := s.startBSCService(); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

Both repositories share similar core functionalities, but BSC has optimized its codebase for faster transaction processing and lower fees. The code structure is largely similar, with BSC forking from an earlier version of go-ethereum and making modifications to suit its specific needs.

While go-ethereum remains the standard for Ethereum development, BSC offers an alternative with improved performance at the cost of some decentralization. Developers should consider their specific requirements when choosing between the two platforms.

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substrate

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Substrate: The platform for blockchain innovators

Pros of Substrate

  • More flexible and customizable blockchain framework
  • Supports multiple consensus mechanisms (e.g., BABE, GRANDPA)
  • Extensive documentation and active community support

Cons of Substrate

  • Steeper learning curve due to its complexity
  • Potentially slower development process for simple use cases
  • Requires more resources to run and maintain

Code Comparison

BSC (Golang):

func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, verifySeals bool) (int, error) {
    n, events, logs, err := bc.insertChain1(chain, verifySeals)
    bc.PostChainEvents(events, logs)
    return n, err
}

Substrate (Rust):

fn insert_block(
    &mut self,
    block: Block<T>,
    finalized: bool,
) -> sp_blockchain::Result<()> {
    let mut transaction = Transaction::new();
    self.backend.begin_operation(&mut transaction)?;
    // ... (additional implementation)
}

Both codebases focus on block insertion, but Substrate's implementation is more modular and type-safe due to Rust's features.

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cosmos-sdk

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Pros of Cosmos SDK

  • More modular and flexible architecture, allowing for easier customization and extension
  • Stronger focus on interoperability between different blockchains
  • More extensive documentation and developer resources

Cons of Cosmos SDK

  • Steeper learning curve due to its more complex architecture
  • Potentially slower transaction processing compared to BSC's optimized EVM

Code Comparison

Cosmos SDK (Go):

func (app *SimApp) BeginBlocker(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestBeginBlock) abci.ResponseBeginBlock {
    return app.mm.BeginBlock(ctx, req)
}

BSC (Go):

func (app *App) BeginBlocker(ctx sdk.Context, req abci.RequestBeginBlock) abci.ResponseBeginBlock {
    return app.mm.BeginBlock(ctx, req)
}

Both repositories use similar patterns for block processing, but Cosmos SDK offers more customization options throughout its codebase. BSC, being a fork of Ethereum, maintains compatibility with EVM-based smart contracts, while Cosmos SDK provides a more flexible environment for building custom blockchain applications.

Cosmos SDK emphasizes modularity and interoperability, making it easier to create specialized blockchains that can communicate with each other. BSC, on the other hand, focuses on providing a high-performance, EVM-compatible environment for DeFi applications.

near logo

nearcore

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Reference client for NEAR Protocol

Pros of nearcore

  • More active development with frequent commits and updates
  • Larger community of contributors (200+ vs 50+ for BSC)
  • Implements a novel sharding approach for improved scalability

Cons of nearcore

  • Less battle-tested in production compared to BSC
  • Smaller ecosystem of dApps and users
  • More complex architecture, potentially harder to understand and maintain

Code Comparison

nearcore (Rust):

pub fn process_block(
    &mut self,
    block: &Block,
    provenance: Provenance,
) -> Result<Option<BlockProcessingArtifact>, Error> {
    let _span = tracing::debug_span!(target: "chain", "process_block", height = block.header().height()).entered();
    metrics::BLOCK_PROCESSING_COUNT.inc();

BSC (Go):

func (bc *BlockChain) insertChain(chain types.Blocks, verifySeals bool) (int, error) {
	n, err := bc.insertChain1(chain, verifySeals)
	if err != nil {
		return n, err
	}
	return n, nil
}

Both repositories focus on blockchain implementation, but nearcore uses Rust for potentially better performance and safety, while BSC uses Go for simplicity and faster development. nearcore's code appears more complex, reflecting its advanced features, while BSC's code is more straightforward, aligning with its goal of being EVM-compatible.

solana-labs logo

solana

13,044

Web-Scale Blockchain for fast, secure, scalable, decentralized apps and marketplaces.

Pros of Solana

  • Higher transaction throughput and lower latency
  • More energy-efficient consensus mechanism (Proof of History)
  • Advanced programming model with parallel transaction execution

Cons of Solana

  • Less decentralized due to higher hardware requirements for validators
  • More complex architecture, potentially leading to increased vulnerability
  • Relatively newer and less battle-tested compared to BSC

Code Comparison

Solana (Rust):

#[program]
pub mod hello_world {
    use super::*;
    pub fn initialize(ctx: Context<Initialize>) -> ProgramResult {
        Ok(())
    }
}

BSC (Go):

func (k Keeper) MintCoins(ctx sdk.Context, moduleName string, amt sdk.Coins) error {
    if err := k.bankKeeper.MintCoins(ctx, moduleName, amt); err != nil {
        return err
    }
    return nil
}

The code snippets showcase the different programming languages and paradigms used in each project. Solana uses Rust with a more declarative approach, while BSC uses Go with a more imperative style. Solana's code structure is designed for parallel execution, whereas BSC's code follows a more traditional blockchain programming model.

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README

BNB Smart Chain

The goal of BNB Smart Chain is to bring programmability and interoperability to BNB Beacon Chain. In order to embrace the existing popular community and advanced technology, it will bring huge benefits by staying compatible with all the existing smart contracts on Ethereum and Ethereum tooling. And to achieve that, the easiest solution is to develop based on go-ethereum fork, as we respect the great work of Ethereum very much.

BNB Smart Chain starts its development based on go-ethereum fork. So you may see many toolings, binaries and also docs are based on Ethereum ones, such as the name “geth”.

API Reference Discord

But from that baseline of EVM compatible, BNB Smart Chain introduces a system of 21 validators with Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus that can support short block time and lower fees. The most bonded validator candidates of staking will become validators and produce blocks. The double-sign detection and other slashing logic guarantee security, stability, and chain finality.

Cross-chain transfer and other communication are possible due to native support of interoperability. Relayers and on-chain contracts are developed to support that. BNB Beacon Chain DEX remains a liquid venue of the exchange of assets on both chains. This dual-chain architecture will be ideal for users to take advantage of the fast trading on one side and build their decentralized apps on the other side. The BNB Smart Chain will be:

  • A self-sovereign blockchain: Provides security and safety with elected validators.
  • EVM-compatible: Supports all the existing Ethereum tooling along with faster finality and cheaper transaction fees.
  • Interoperable: Comes with efficient native dual chain communication; Optimized for scaling high-performance dApps that require fast and smooth user experience.
  • Distributed with on-chain governance: Proof of Staked Authority brings in decentralization and community participants. As the native token, BNB will serve as both the gas of smart contract execution and tokens for staking.

More details in White Paper.

Key features

Proof of Staked Authority

Although Proof-of-Work (PoW) has been approved as a practical mechanism to implement a decentralized network, it is not friendly to the environment and also requires a large size of participants to maintain the security.

Proof-of-Authority(PoA) provides some defense to 51% attack, with improved efficiency and tolerance to certain levels of Byzantine players (malicious or hacked). Meanwhile, the PoA protocol is most criticized for being not as decentralized as PoW, as the validators, i.e. the nodes that take turns to produce blocks, have all the authorities and are prone to corruption and security attacks.

Other blockchains, such as EOS and Cosmos both, introduce different types of Deputy Proof of Stake (DPoS) to allow the token holders to vote and elect the validator set. It increases the decentralization and favors community governance.

To combine DPoS and PoA for consensus, BNB Smart Chain implement a novel consensus engine called Parlia that:

  1. Blocks are produced by a limited set of validators.

  2. Validators take turns to produce blocks in a PoA manner, similar to Ethereum's Clique consensus engine.

  3. Validator set are elected in and out based on a staking based governance on BNB Beacon Chain.

  4. The validator set change is relayed via a cross-chain communication mechanism.

  5. Parlia consensus engine will interact with a set of system contracts to achieve liveness slash, revenue distributing and validator set renewing func.

Light Client of BNB Beacon Chain

To achieve the cross-chain communication from BNB Beacon Chain to BNB Smart Chain, need introduce a on-chain light client verification algorithm. It contains two parts:

  1. Stateless Precompiled contracts to do tendermint header verification and Merkle Proof verification.
  2. Stateful solidity contracts to store validator set and trusted appHash.

Native Token

BNB will run on BNB Smart Chain in the same way as ETH runs on Ethereum so that it remains as native token for BSC. This means, BNB will be used to:

  1. pay gas to deploy or invoke Smart Contract on BSC
  2. perform cross-chain operations, such as transfer token assets across BNB Smart Chain and BNB Beacon Chain.

Building the source

Many of the below are the same as or similar to go-ethereum.

For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the Installation Instructions.

Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.21 or later) and a C compiler (GCC 5 or higher). You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

make geth

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

make all

If you get such error when running the node with self built binary:

Caught SIGILL in blst_cgo_init, consult <blst>/bindinds/go/README.md.

please try to add the following environment variables and build again:

export CGO_CFLAGS="-O -D__BLST_PORTABLE__" 
export CGO_CFLAGS_ALLOW="-O -D__BLST_PORTABLE__"

Executables

The bsc project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the cmd directory.

CommandDescription
gethMain BNB Smart Chain client binary. It is the entry point into the BSC network (main-, test- or private net), capable of running as a full node (default), archive node (retaining all historical state) or a light node (retrieving data live). It has the same and more RPC and other interface as go-ethereum and can be used by other processes as a gateway into the BSC network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP, WebSocket and/or IPC transports. geth --help and the CLI page for command line options.
clefStand-alone signing tool, which can be used as a backend signer for geth.
devp2pUtilities to interact with nodes on the networking layer, without running a full blockchain.
abigenSource code generator to convert Ethereum contract definitions into easy to use, compile-time type-safe Go packages. It operates on plain Ethereum contract ABIs with expanded functionality if the contract bytecode is also available. However, it also accepts Solidity source files, making development much more streamlined. Please see our Native DApps page for details.
bootnodeStripped down version of our Ethereum client implementation that only takes part in the network node discovery protocol, but does not run any of the higher level application protocols. It can be used as a lightweight bootstrap node to aid in finding peers in private networks.
evmDeveloper utility version of the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) that is capable of running bytecode snippets within a configurable environment and execution mode. Its purpose is to allow isolated, fine-grained debugging of EVM opcodes (e.g. evm --code 60ff60ff --debug run).
rlpdumpDeveloper utility tool to convert binary RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263).

Running geth

Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our CLI Wiki page), but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your own geth instance.

Hardware Requirements

The hardware must meet certain requirements to run a full node on mainnet:

  • VPS running recent versions of Mac OS X, Linux, or Windows.
  • IMPORTANT 3 TB(Dec 2023) of free disk space, solid-state drive(SSD), gp3, 8k IOPS, 500 MB/S throughput, read latency <1ms. (if node is started with snap sync, it will need NVMe SSD)
  • 16 cores of CPU and 64 GB of memory (RAM)
  • Suggest m5zn.6xlarge or r7iz.4xlarge instance type on AWS, c2-standard-16 on Google cloud.
  • A broadband Internet connection with upload/download speeds of 5 MB/S

The requirement for testnet:

  • VPS running recent versions of Mac OS X, Linux, or Windows.
  • 500G of storage for testnet.
  • 4 cores of CPU and 16 gigabytes of memory (RAM).

Steps to Run a Fullnode

1. Download the pre-build binaries

# Linux
wget $(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/bnb-chain/bsc/releases/latest |grep browser_ |grep geth_linux |cut -d\" -f4)
mv geth_linux geth
chmod -v u+x geth

# MacOS
wget $(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/bnb-chain/bsc/releases/latest |grep browser_ |grep geth_mac |cut -d\" -f4)
mv geth_macos geth
chmod -v u+x geth

2. Download the config files

//== mainnet
wget $(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/bnb-chain/bsc/releases/latest |grep browser_ |grep mainnet |cut -d\" -f4)
unzip mainnet.zip

//== testnet
wget $(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/bnb-chain/bsc/releases/latest |grep browser_ |grep testnet |cut -d\" -f4)
unzip testnet.zip

3. Download snapshot

Download latest chaindata snapshot from here. Follow the guide to structure your files.

4. Start a full node

./geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node  --cache 8000 --rpc.allow-unprotected-txs --history.transactions 0

## It is recommend to run fullnode with `--tries-verify-mode none` if you want high performance and care little about state consistency
## It will run with Hash-Base Storage Scheme by default
./geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node  --cache 8000 --rpc.allow-unprotected-txs --history.transactions 0 --tries-verify-mode none

## It runs fullnode with Path-Base Storage Scheme. 
## It will enable inline state prune, keeping the latest 90000 blocks' history state by default.
./geth --config ./config.toml --datadir ./node  --cache 8000 --rpc.allow-unprotected-txs --history.transactions 0 --tries-verify-mode none --state.scheme path

5. Monitor node status

Monitor the log from ./node/bsc.log by default. When the node has started syncing, should be able to see the following output:

t=2022-09-08T13:00:27+0000 lvl=info msg="Imported new chain segment"             blocks=1    txs=177   mgas=17.317   elapsed=31.131ms    mgasps=556.259  number=21,153,429 hash=0x42e6b54ba7106387f0650defc62c9ace3160b427702dab7bd1c5abb83a32d8db dirty="0.00 B"
t=2022-09-08T13:00:29+0000 lvl=info msg="Imported new chain segment"             blocks=1    txs=251   mgas=39.638   elapsed=68.827ms    mgasps=575.900  number=21,153,430 hash=0xa3397b273b31b013e43487689782f20c03f47525b4cd4107c1715af45a88796e dirty="0.00 B"
t=2022-09-08T13:00:33+0000 lvl=info msg="Imported new chain segment"             blocks=1    txs=197   mgas=19.364   elapsed=34.663ms    mgasps=558.632  number=21,153,431 hash=0x0c7872b698f28cb5c36a8a3e1e315b1d31bda6109b15467a9735a12380e2ad14 dirty="0.00 B"

6. Interact with fullnode

Start up geth's built-in interactive JavaScript console, (via the trailing console subcommand) through which you can interact using web3 methods (note: the web3 version bundled within geth is very old, and not up to date with official docs), as well as geth's own management APIs. This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running geth instance with geth attach.

7. More

More details about running a node and becoming a validator

Note: Although some internal protective measures prevent transactions from crossing over between the main network and test network, you should always use separate accounts for play and real money. Unless you manually move accounts, geth will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.

Configuration

As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the geth binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:

$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml

To get an idea of how the file should look like you can use the dumpconfig subcommand to export your existing configuration:

$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig

Programmatically interfacing geth nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with geth and the BSC network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, geth has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs (standard APIs and geth specific APIs). These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by geth, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

  • --http Enable the HTTP-RPC server
  • --http.addr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
  • --http.port HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
  • --http.api API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
  • --http.corsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
  • --ws Enable the WS-RPC server
  • --ws.addr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
  • --ws.port WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
  • --ws.api API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
  • --ws.origins Origins from which to accept WebSocket requests
  • --ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
  • --ipcapi API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,txpool,web3)
  • --ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert BSC nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Operating a private network

  • BSC-Deploy: deploy tool for setting up both BNB Beacon Chain, BNB Smart Chain and the cross chain infrastructure between them.
  • BSC-Docker: deploy tool for setting up local BSC cluster in container.

Running a bootnode

Bootnodes are super-lightweight nodes that are not behind a NAT and are running just discovery protocol. When you start up a node it should log your enode, which is a public identifier that others can use to connect to your node.

First the bootnode requires a key, which can be created with the following command, which will save a key to boot.key:

bootnode -genkey boot.key

This key can then be used to generate a bootnode as follows:

bootnode -nodekey boot.key -addr :30311 -network bsc

The choice of port passed to -addr is arbitrary. The bootnode command returns the following logs to the terminal, confirming that it is running:

enode://3063d1c9e1b824cfbb7c7b6abafa34faec6bb4e7e06941d218d760acdd7963b274278c5c3e63914bd6d1b58504c59ec5522c56f883baceb8538674b92da48a96@127.0.0.1:0?discport=30311
Note: you're using cmd/bootnode, a developer tool.
We recommend using a regular node as bootstrap node for production deployments.
INFO [08-21|11:11:30.687] New local node record                    seq=1,692,616,290,684 id=2c9af1742f8f85ce ip=<nil> udp=0 tcp=0
INFO [08-21|12:11:30.753] New local node record                    seq=1,692,616,290,685 id=2c9af1742f8f85ce ip=54.217.128.118 udp=30311 tcp=0
INFO [09-01|02:46:26.234] New local node record                    seq=1,692,616,290,686 id=2c9af1742f8f85ce ip=34.250.32.100  udp=30311 tcp=0

Contribution

Thank you for considering helping out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to bsc, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our discord channel to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

  • Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
  • Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
  • Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
  • Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
    • E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.

License

The bsc library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The bsc binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.