GoDS (Go Data Structures)

Implementation of various data structures and algorithms in Go.

Data Structures

• Containers
  • Lists
    • ArrayList
    • SinglyLinkedList
    • DoublyLinkedList
  • Sets
    • HashSet
    • TreeSet
    • LinkedHashSet
  • Stacks
    • LinkedListStack
    • ArrayStack
  • Maps
    • HashMap
    • TreeMap
    • LinkedHashMap
    • HashBidiMap
    • TreeBidiMap
  • Trees
    • RedBlackTree
    • AVLTree
    • BTree
    • BinaryHeap
  • Queues
    • LinkedListQueue
    • ArrayQueue
    • CircularBuffer
    • PriorityQueue
• Functions
  • Comparator
  • Iterator
    • IteratorWithIndex
    • IteratorWithKey
    • ReverseIteratorWithIndex
    • ReverseIteratorWithKey
  • Enumerable
    • EnumerableWithIndex
    • EnumerableWithKey
  • Serialization
    • JSONSerializer
    • JSONDeserializer
  • Sort
  • Container
• Appendix

Containers

All data structures implement the container interface with the following methods:

type Container interface {
	Empty() bool
	Size() int
	Clear()
	Values() []interface{}
	String() string
}

Containers are either ordered or unordered. All ordered containers provide stateful iterators and some of them allow enumerable functions.

Data	Structure	Ordered	Iterator	Enumerable	Referenced by
Lists
	ArrayList	yes	yes*	yes	index
	SinglyLinkedList	yes	yes	yes	index
	DoublyLinkedList	yes	yes*	yes	index
Sets
	HashSet	no	no	no	index
	TreeSet	yes	yes*	yes	index
	LinkedHashSet	yes	yes*	yes	index
Stacks
	LinkedListStack	yes	yes	no	index
	ArrayStack	yes	yes*	no	index
Maps
	HashMap	no	no	no	key
	TreeMap	yes	yes*	yes	key
	LinkedHashMap	yes	yes*	yes	key
	HashBidiMap	no	no	no	key*
	TreeBidiMap	yes	yes*	yes	key*
Trees
	RedBlackTree	yes	yes*	no	key
	AVLTree	yes	yes*	no	key
	BTree	yes	yes*	no	key
	BinaryHeap	yes	yes*	no	index
Queues
	LinkedListQueue	yes	yes	no	index
	ArrayQueue	yes	yes*	no	index
	CircularBuffer	yes	yes*	no	index
	PriorityQueue	yes	yes*	no	index
			*reversible		*bidirectional

Lists

A list is a data structure that stores values and may have repeated values.

Implements Container interface.

type List interface {
	Get(index int) (interface{}, bool)
	Remove(index int)
	Add(values ...interface{})
	Contains(values ...interface{}) bool
	Sort(comparator utils.Comparator)
	Swap(index1, index2 int)
	Insert(index int, values ...interface{})
	Set(index int, value interface{})

	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
    // String() string
}

ArrayList

A list backed by a dynamic array that grows and shrinks implicitly.

Implements List, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {
	list := arraylist.New()
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Add("c", "b")                    // ["a","c","b"]
	list.Sort(utils.StringComparator)     // ["a","b","c"]
	_, _ = list.Get(0)                    // "a",true
	_, _ = list.Get(100)                  // nil,false
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c")      // true
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
	list.Swap(0, 1)                       // ["b","a",c"]
	list.Remove(2)                        // ["b","a"]
	list.Remove(1)                        // ["b"]
	list.Remove(0)                        // []
	list.Remove(0)                        // [] (ignored)
	_ = list.Empty()                      // true
	_ = list.Size()                       // 0
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Clear()                          // []
	list.Insert(0, "b")                   // ["b"]
	list.Insert(0, "a")                   // ["a","b"]
}

SinglyLinkedList

A list where each element points to the next element in the list.

Implements List, IteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	sll "github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/singlylinkedlist"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {
	list := sll.New()
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Add("c", "b")                    // ["a","c","b"]
	list.Sort(utils.StringComparator)     // ["a","b","c"]
	_, _ = list.Get(0)                    // "a",true
	_, _ = list.Get(100)                  // nil,false
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c")      // true
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
	list.Swap(0, 1)                       // ["b","a",c"]
	list.Remove(2)                        // ["b","a"]
	list.Remove(1)                        // ["b"]
	list.Remove(0)                        // []
	list.Remove(0)                        // [] (ignored)
	_ = list.Empty()                      // true
	_ = list.Size()                       // 0
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Clear()                          // []
	list.Insert(0, "b")                   // ["b"]
	list.Insert(0, "a")                   // ["a","b"]
}

DoublyLinkedList

A list where each element points to the next and previous elements in the list.

Implements List, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	dll "github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/doublylinkedlist"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {
	list := dll.New()
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Add("c", "b")                    // ["a","c","b"]
	list.Sort(utils.StringComparator)     // ["a","b","c"]
	_, _ = list.Get(0)                    // "a",true
	_, _ = list.Get(100)                  // nil,false
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c")      // true
	_ = list.Contains("a", "b", "c", "d") // false
	list.Swap(0, 1)                       // ["b","a",c"]
	list.Remove(2)                        // ["b","a"]
	list.Remove(1)                        // ["b"]
	list.Remove(0)                        // []
	list.Remove(0)                        // [] (ignored)
	_ = list.Empty()                      // true
	_ = list.Size()                       // 0
	list.Add("a")                         // ["a"]
	list.Clear()                          // []
	list.Insert(0, "b")                   // ["b"]
	list.Insert(0, "a")                   // ["a","b"]
}

Sets

A set is a data structure that can store elements and has no repeated values. It is a computer implementation of the mathematical concept of a finite set. Unlike most other collection types, rather than retrieving a specific element from a set, one typically tests an element for membership in a set. This structure is often used to ensure that no duplicates are present in a container.

Set additionally allow set operations such as intersection, union, difference, etc.

Implements Container interface.

type Set interface {
	Add(elements ...interface{})
	Remove(elements ...interface{})
	Contains(elements ...interface{}) bool
    // Intersection(another *Set) *Set
    // Union(another *Set) *Set
    // Difference(another *Set) *Set
	
	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
	// String() string
}

HashSet

A set backed by a hash table (actually a Go's map). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set.

Implements Set, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/hashset"

func main() {
	set := hashset.New()   // empty
	set.Add(1)             // 1
	set.Add(2, 2, 3, 4, 5) // 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 (random order, duplicates ignored)
	set.Remove(4)          // 5, 3, 2, 1 (random order)
	set.Remove(2, 3)       // 1, 5 (random order)
	set.Contains(1)        // true
	set.Contains(1, 5)     // true
	set.Contains(1, 6)     // false
	_ = set.Values()       // []int{5,1} (random order)
	set.Clear()            // empty
	set.Empty()            // true
	set.Size()             // 0
}

TreeSet

A set backed by a red-black tree to keep the elements ordered with respect to the comparator.

Implements Set, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"

func main() {
	set := treeset.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)
	set.Add(1)                            // 1
	set.Add(2, 2, 3, 4, 5)                // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (in order, duplicates ignored)
	set.Remove(4)                         // 1, 2, 3, 5 (in order)
	set.Remove(2, 3)                      // 1, 5 (in order)
	set.Contains(1)                       // true
	set.Contains(1, 5)                    // true
	set.Contains(1, 6)                    // false
	_ = set.Values()                      // []int{1,5} (in order)
	set.Clear()                           // empty
	set.Empty()                           // true
	set.Size()                            // 0
}

LinkedHashSet

A set that preserves insertion-order. Data structure is backed by a hash table to store values and doubly-linked list to store insertion ordering.

Implements Set, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/linkedhashset"

func main() {
	set := linkedhashset.New() // empty
	set.Add(5)                 // 5
	set.Add(4, 4, 3, 2, 1)     // 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (in insertion-order, duplicates ignored)
	set.Add(4)                 // 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (duplicates ignored, insertion-order unchanged)
	set.Remove(4)              // 5, 3, 2, 1 (in insertion-order)
	set.Remove(2, 3)           // 5, 1 (in insertion-order)
	set.Contains(1)            // true
	set.Contains(1, 5)         // true
	set.Contains(1, 6)         // false
	_ = set.Values()           // []int{5, 1} (in insertion-order)
	set.Clear()                // empty
	set.Empty()                // true
	set.Size()                 // 0
}

Stacks

A stack that represents a last-in-first-out (LIFO) data structure. The usual push and pop operations are provided, as well as a method to peek at the top item on the stack.

Implements Container interface.

type Stack interface {
	Push(value interface{})
	Pop() (value interface{}, ok bool)
	Peek() (value interface{}, ok bool)

	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
	// String() string
}

LinkedListStack

A stack based on a linked list.

Implements Stack, IteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import lls "github.com/emirpasic/gods/stacks/linkedliststack"

func main() {
	stack := lls.New()  // empty
	stack.Push(1)       // 1
	stack.Push(2)       // 1, 2
	stack.Values()      // 2, 1 (LIFO order)
	_, _ = stack.Peek() // 2,true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()  // 2, true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()  // 1, true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()  // nil, false (nothing to pop)
	stack.Push(1)       // 1
	stack.Clear()       // empty
	stack.Empty()       // true
	stack.Size()        // 0
}

ArrayStack

A stack based on a array list.

Implements Stack, IteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/stacks/arraystack"

func main() {
	stack := arraystack.New() // empty
	stack.Push(1)             // 1
	stack.Push(2)             // 1, 2
	stack.Values()            // 2, 1 (LIFO order)
	_, _ = stack.Peek()       // 2,true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()        // 2, true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()        // 1, true
	_, _ = stack.Pop()        // nil, false (nothing to pop)
	stack.Push(1)             // 1
	stack.Clear()             // empty
	stack.Empty()             // true
	stack.Size()              // 0
}

Maps

A Map is a data structure that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys and each key can map to at most one value.

Implements Container interface.

type Map interface {
	Put(key interface{}, value interface{})
	Get(key interface{}) (value interface{}, found bool)
	Remove(key interface{})
	Keys() []interface{}

	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
	// String() string
}

A BidiMap is an extension to the Map. A bidirectional map (BidiMap), also called a hash bag, is an associative data structure in which the key-value pairs form a one-to-one relation. This relation works in both directions by allow the value to also act as a key to key, e.g. a pair (a,b) thus provides a coupling between 'a' and 'b' so that 'b' can be found when 'a' is used as a key and 'a' can be found when 'b' is used as a key.

type BidiMap interface {
	GetKey(value interface{}) (key interface{}, found bool)

	Map
}

HashMap

A map based on hash tables. Keys are unordered.

Implements Map, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/hashmap"

func main() {
	m := hashmap.New() // empty
	m.Put(1, "x")      // 1->x
	m.Put(2, "b")      // 2->b, 1->x (random order)
	m.Put(1, "a")      // 2->b, 1->a (random order)
	_, _ = m.Get(2)    // b, true
	_, _ = m.Get(3)    // nil, false
	_ = m.Values()     // []interface {}{"b", "a"} (random order)
	_ = m.Keys()       // []interface {}{1, 2} (random order)
	m.Remove(1)        // 2->b
	m.Clear()          // empty
	m.Empty()          // true
	m.Size()           // 0
}

TreeMap

A map based on red-black tree. Keys are ordered with respect to the comparator.

Implements Map, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/treemap"

func main() {
	m := treemap.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)
	m.Put(1, "x")                       // 1->x
	m.Put(2, "b")                       // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
	m.Put(1, "a")                       // 1->a, 2->b (in order)
	_, _ = m.Get(2)                     // b, true
	_, _ = m.Get(3)                     // nil, false
	_ = m.Values()                      // []interface {}{"a", "b"} (in order)
	_ = m.Keys()                        // []interface {}{1, 2} (in order)
	m.Remove(1)                         // 2->b
	m.Clear()                           // empty
	m.Empty()                           // true
	m.Size()                            // 0

	// Other:
	m.Min() // Returns the minimum key and its value from map.
	m.Max() // Returns the maximum key and its value from map.
}

LinkedHashMap

A map that preserves insertion-order. It is backed by a hash table to store values and doubly-linked list to store ordering.

Implements Map, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/linkedhashmap"

func main() {
	m := linkedhashmap.New() // empty (keys are of type int)
	m.Put(2, "b")            // 2->b
	m.Put(1, "x")            // 2->b, 1->x (insertion-order)
	m.Put(1, "a")            // 2->b, 1->a (insertion-order)
	_, _ = m.Get(2)          // b, true
	_, _ = m.Get(3)          // nil, false
	_ = m.Values()           // []interface {}{"b", "a"} (insertion-order)
	_ = m.Keys()             // []interface {}{2, 1} (insertion-order)
	m.Remove(1)              // 2->b
	m.Clear()                // empty
	m.Empty()                // true
	m.Size()                 // 0
}

HashBidiMap

A map based on two hashmaps. Keys are unordered.

Implements BidiMap, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/hashbidimap"

func main() {
	m := hashbidimap.New() // empty
	m.Put(1, "x")          // 1->x
	m.Put(3, "b")          // 1->x, 3->b (random order)
	m.Put(1, "a")          // 1->a, 3->b (random order)
	m.Put(2, "b")          // 1->a, 2->b (random order)
	_, _ = m.GetKey("a")   // 1, true
	_, _ = m.Get(2)        // b, true
	_, _ = m.Get(3)        // nil, false
	_ = m.Values()         // []interface {}{"a", "b"} (random order)
	_ = m.Keys()           // []interface {}{1, 2} (random order)
	m.Remove(1)            // 2->b
	m.Clear()              // empty
	m.Empty()              // true
	m.Size()               // 0
}

TreeBidiMap

A map based on red-black tree. This map guarantees that the map will be in both ascending key and value order. Other than key and value ordering, the goal with this structure is to avoid duplication of elements (unlike in HashBidiMap), which can be significant if contained elements are large.

Implements BidiMap, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, EnumerableWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/treebidimap"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {
	m := treebidimap.NewWith(utils.IntComparator, utils.StringComparator)
	m.Put(1, "x")        // 1->x
	m.Put(3, "b")        // 1->x, 3->b (ordered)
	m.Put(1, "a")        // 1->a, 3->b (ordered)
	m.Put(2, "b")        // 1->a, 2->b (ordered)
	_, _ = m.GetKey("a") // 1, true
	_, _ = m.Get(2)      // b, true
	_, _ = m.Get(3)      // nil, false
	_ = m.Values()       // []interface {}{"a", "b"} (ordered)
	_ = m.Keys()         // []interface {}{1, 2} (ordered)
	m.Remove(1)          // 2->b
	m.Clear()            // empty
	m.Empty()            // true
	m.Size()             // 0
}

Trees

A tree is a widely used data data structure that simulates a hierarchical tree structure, with a root value and subtrees of children, represented as a set of linked nodes; thus no cyclic links.

Implements Container interface.

type Tree interface {
	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
	// String() string
}

RedBlackTree

A red–black tree is a binary search tree with an extra bit of data per node, its color, which can be either red or black. The extra bit of storage ensures an approximately balanced tree by constraining how nodes are colored from any path from the root to the leaf. Thus, it is a data structure which is a type of self-balancing binary search tree.

The balancing of the tree is not perfect but it is good enough to allow it to guarantee searching in O(log n) time, where n is the total number of elements in the tree. The insertion and deletion operations, along with the tree rearrangement and recoloring, are also performed in O(log n) time. _^Wikipedia

Implements Tree, ReverseIteratorWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	rbt "github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/redblacktree"
)

func main() {
	tree := rbt.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (keys are of type int)

	tree.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
	tree.Put(2, "b") // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
	tree.Put(1, "a") // 1->a, 2->b (in order, replacement)
	tree.Put(3, "c") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c (in order)
	tree.Put(4, "d") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d (in order)
	tree.Put(5, "e") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e (in order)
	tree.Put(6, "f") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)

	fmt.Println(tree)
	//
	//  RedBlackTree
	//  │           ┌── 6
	//	│       ┌── 5
	//	│   ┌── 4
	//	│   │   └── 3
	//	└── 2
	//		└── 1

	_ = tree.Values() // []interface {}{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"} (in order)
	_ = tree.Keys()   // []interface {}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (in order)

	tree.Remove(2) // 1->a, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)
	fmt.Println(tree)
	//
	//  RedBlackTree
	//  │       ┌── 6
	//  │   ┌── 5
	//  └── 4
	//      │   ┌── 3
	//      └── 1

	tree.Clear() // empty
	tree.Empty() // true
	tree.Size()  // 0

	// Other:
	tree.Left() // gets the left-most (min) node
	tree.Right() // get the right-most (max) node
	tree.Floor(1) // get the floor node
	tree.Ceiling(1) // get the ceiling node
}

Extending the red-black tree's functionality has been demonstrated in the following example.

AVLTree

AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree. In an AVL tree, the heights of the two child subtrees of any node differ by at most one; if at any time they differ by more than one, rebalancing is done to restore this property. Lookup, insertion, and deletion all take O(log n) time in both the average and worst cases, where n is the number of nodes in the tree prior to the operation. Insertions and deletions may require the tree to be rebalanced by one or more tree rotations.

AVL trees are often compared with red–black trees because both support the same set of operations and take O(log n) time for the basic operations. For lookup-intensive applications, AVL trees are faster than red–black trees because they are more strictly balanced. _^Wikipedia

Implements Tree, ReverseIteratorWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

_{AVL tree with balance factors (green)}

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	avl "github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/avltree"
)

func main() {
	tree := avl.NewWithIntComparator() // empty(keys are of type int)

	tree.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
	tree.Put(2, "b") // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
	tree.Put(1, "a") // 1->a, 2->b (in order, replacement)
	tree.Put(3, "c") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c (in order)
	tree.Put(4, "d") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d (in order)
	tree.Put(5, "e") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e (in order)
	tree.Put(6, "f") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)

	fmt.Println(tree)
	//
	//  AVLTree
	//  │       ┌── 6
	//  │   ┌── 5
	//  └── 4
	//      │   ┌── 3
	//      └── 2
	//          └── 1


	_ = tree.Values() // []interface {}{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"} (in order)
	_ = tree.Keys()   // []interface {}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (in order)

	tree.Remove(2) // 1->a, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)
	fmt.Println(tree)
	//
	//  AVLTree
	//  │       ┌── 6
	//  │   ┌── 5
	//  └── 4
	//      └── 3
	//          └── 1

	tree.Clear() // empty
	tree.Empty() // true
	tree.Size()  // 0
}

BTree

B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that keeps data sorted and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time. The B-tree is a generalization of a binary search tree in that a node can have more than two children.

According to Knuth's definition, a B-tree of order m is a tree which satisfies the following properties:

• Every node has at most m children.
• Every non-leaf node (except root) has at least ⌈m/2⌉ children.
• The root has at least two children if it is not a leaf node.
• A non-leaf node with k children contains k−1 keys.
• All leaves appear in the same level

Each internal node’s keys act as separation values which divide its subtrees. For example, if an internal node has 3 child nodes (or subtrees) then it must have 2 keys: a1 and a2. All values in the leftmost subtree will be less than a1, all values in the middle subtree will be between a1 and a2, and all values in the rightmost subtree will be greater than a2._^Wikipedia

Implements Tree, ReverseIteratorWithKey, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/btree"
)

func main() {
	tree := btree.NewWithIntComparator(3) // empty (keys are of type int)

	tree.Put(1, "x") // 1->x
	tree.Put(2, "b") // 1->x, 2->b (in order)
	tree.Put(1, "a") // 1->a, 2->b (in order, replacement)
	tree.Put(3, "c") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c (in order)
	tree.Put(4, "d") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d (in order)
	tree.Put(5, "e") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e (in order)
	tree.Put(6, "f") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f (in order)
	tree.Put(7, "g") // 1->a, 2->b, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f, 7->g (in order)

	fmt.Println(tree)
	// BTree
	//         1
	//     2
	//         3
	// 4
	//         5
	//     6
	//         7

	_ = tree.Values() // []interface {}{"a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"} (in order)
	_ = tree.Keys()   // []interface {}{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (in order)

	tree.Remove(2) // 1->a, 3->c, 4->d, 5->e, 6->f, 7->g (in order)
	fmt.Println(tree)
	// BTree
	//     1
	//     3
	// 4
	//     5
	// 6
	//     7

	tree.Clear() // empty
	tree.Empty() // true
	tree.Size()  // 0

	// Other:
	tree.Height() // gets the height of the tree
	tree.Left() // gets the left-most (min) node
	tree.LeftKey() // get the left-most (min) node's key
	tree.LeftValue() // get the left-most (min) node's value
	tree.Right() // get the right-most (max) node
	tree.RightKey() // get the right-most (max) node's key
	tree.RightValue() // get the right-most (max) node's value
}

BinaryHeap

A binary heap is a tree created using a binary tree. It can be seen as a binary tree with two additional constraints:

• Shape property:

  A binary heap is a complete binary tree; that is, all levels of the tree, except possibly the last one (deepest) are fully filled, and, if the last level of the tree is not complete, the nodes of that level are filled from left to right.

• Heap property:

  All nodes are either greater than or equal to or less than or equal to each of its children, according to a comparison predicate defined for the heap. _^Wikipedia

Implements Tree, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/trees/binaryheap"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {

	// Min-heap
	heap := binaryheap.NewWithIntComparator() // empty (min-heap)
	heap.Push(2)                              // 2
	heap.Push(3)                              // 2, 3
	heap.Push(1)                              // 1, 3, 2
	heap.Values()                             // 1, 3, 2
	_, _ = heap.Peek()                        // 1,true
	_, _ = heap.Pop()                         // 1, true
	_, _ = heap.Pop()                         // 2, true
	_, _ = heap.Pop()                         // 3, true
	_, _ = heap.Pop()                         // nil, false (nothing to pop)
	heap.Push(1)                              // 1
	heap.Clear()                              // empty
	heap.Empty()                              // true
	heap.Size()                               // 0

	// Max-heap
	inverseIntComparator := func(a, b interface{}) int {
		return -utils.IntComparator(a, b)
	}
	heap = binaryheap.NewWith(inverseIntComparator) // empty (min-heap)
	heap.Push(2, 3, 1)                              // 3, 2, 1 (bulk optimized)
	heap.Values()                                   // 3, 2, 1
}

Queues

A queue that represents a first-in-first-out (FIFO) data structure. The usual enqueue and dequeue operations are provided, as well as a method to peek at the first item in the queue.

Implements Container interface.

type Queue interface {
	Enqueue(value interface{})
	Dequeue() (value interface{}, ok bool)
	Peek() (value interface{}, ok bool)

	containers.Container
	// Empty() bool
	// Size() int
	// Clear()
	// Values() []interface{}
	// String() string
}

LinkedListQueue

A queue based on a linked list.

Implements Queue, IteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import llq "github.com/emirpasic/gods/queues/linkedlistqueue"

// LinkedListQueueExample to demonstrate basic usage of LinkedListQueue
func main() {
    queue := llq.New()     // empty
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Enqueue(2)       // 1, 2
    _ = queue.Values()     // 1, 2 (FIFO order)
    _, _ = queue.Peek()    // 1,true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 1, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 2, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // nil, false (nothing to deque)
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Clear()          // empty
    queue.Empty()          // true
    _ = queue.Size()       // 0
}

ArrayQueue

A queue based on a array list.

Implements Queue, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import aq "github.com/emirpasic/gods/queues/arrayqueue"

// ArrayQueueExample to demonstrate basic usage of ArrayQueue
func main() {
    queue := aq.New()      // empty
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Enqueue(2)       // 1, 2
    _ = queue.Values()     // 1, 2 (FIFO order)
    _, _ = queue.Peek()    // 1,true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 1, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 2, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // nil, false (nothing to deque)
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Clear()          // empty
    queue.Empty()          // true
    _ = queue.Size()       // 0
}

CircularBuffer

A circular buffer, circular queue, cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed-size buffer as if it were connected end-to-end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data streams.

Implements Queue, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import cb "github.com/emirpasic/gods/queues/circularbuffer"

// CircularBufferExample to demonstrate basic usage of CircularBuffer
func main() {
    queue := cb.New(3)     // empty (max size is 3)
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Enqueue(2)       // 1, 2
    queue.Enqueue(3)       // 1, 2, 3
    _ = queue.Values()     // 1, 2, 3
    queue.Enqueue(3)       // 4, 2, 3
    _, _ = queue.Peek()    // 4,true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 4, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 2, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // 3, true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue() // nil, false (nothing to deque)
    queue.Enqueue(1)       // 1
    queue.Clear()          // empty
    queue.Empty()          // true
    _ = queue.Size()       // 0
}

PriorityQueue

A priority queue is a special type of queue in which each element is associated with a priority value. And, elements are served on the basis of their priority. That is, higher priority elements are served first. However, if elements with the same priority occur, they are served according to their order in the queue.

Implements Queue, ReverseIteratorWithIndex, JSONSerializer and JSONDeserializer interfaces.

package main

import (
  pq "github.com/emirpasic/gods/queues/priorityqueue"
  "github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

// Element is an entry in the priority queue
type Element struct {
    name     string
    priority int
}

// Comparator function (sort by element's priority value in descending order)
func byPriority(a, b interface{}) int {
    priorityA := a.(Element).priority
    priorityB := b.(Element).priority
    return -utils.IntComparator(priorityA, priorityB) // "-" descending order
}

// PriorityQueueExample to demonstrate basic usage of BinaryHeap
func main() {
    a := Element{name: "a", priority: 1}
    b := Element{name: "b", priority: 2}
    c := Element{name: "c", priority: 3}
    
    queue := pq.NewWith(byPriority) // empty
    queue.Enqueue(a)                // {a 1}
    queue.Enqueue(c)                // {c 3}, {a 1}
    queue.Enqueue(b)                // {c 3}, {b 2}, {a 1}
    _ = queue.Values()              // [{c 3} {b 2} {a 1}]
    _, _ = queue.Peek()             // {c 3} true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue()          // {c 3} true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue()          // {b 2} true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue()          // {a 1} true
    _, _ = queue.Dequeue()          // <nil> false (nothing to dequeue)
    queue.Clear()                   // empty
    _ = queue.Empty()               // true
    _ = queue.Size()                // 0
}

Functions

Various helper functions used throughout the library.

Comparator

Some data structures (e.g. TreeMap, TreeSet) require a comparator function to automatically keep their elements sorted upon insertion. This comparator is necessary during the initalization.

Comparator is defined as:

Return values (int):

negative , if a < b
zero     , if a == b
positive , if a > b

Comparator signature:

type Comparator func(a, b interface{}) int

All common comparators for builtin types are included in the library:

func StringComparator(a, b interface{}) int

func IntComparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Int8Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Int16Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Int32Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Int64Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func UIntComparator(a, b interface{}) int

func UInt8Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func UInt16Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func UInt32Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func UInt64Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Float32Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func Float64Comparator(a, b interface{}) int

func ByteComparator(a, b interface{}) int

func RuneComparator(a, b interface{}) int

func TimeComparator(a, b interface{}) int

Writing custom comparators is easy:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"
)

type User struct {
	id   int
	name string
}

// Custom comparator (sort by IDs)
func byID(a, b interface{}) int {

	// Type assertion, program will panic if this is not respected
	c1 := a.(User)
	c2 := b.(User)

	switch {
	case c1.id > c2.id:
		return 1
	case c1.id < c2.id:
		return -1
	default:
		return 0
	}
}

func main() {
	set := treeset.NewWith(byID)

	set.Add(User{2, "Second"})
	set.Add(User{3, "Third"})
	set.Add(User{1, "First"})
	set.Add(User{4, "Fourth"})

	fmt.Println(set) // {1 First}, {2 Second}, {3 Third}, {4 Fourth}
}

Iterator

All ordered containers have stateful iterators. Typically an iterator is obtained by Iterator() function of an ordered container. Once obtained, iterator's Next() function moves the iterator to the next element and returns true if there was a next element. If there was an element, then element's can be obtained by iterator's Value() function. Depending on the ordering type, it's position can be obtained by iterator's Index() or Key() functions. Some containers even provide reversible iterators, essentially the same, but provide another extra Prev() function that moves the iterator to the previous element and returns true if there was a previous element.

Note: it is unsafe to remove elements from container while iterating.

IteratorWithIndex

An iterator whose elements are referenced by an index.

Typical usage:

it := list.Iterator()
for it.Next() {
	index, value := it.Index(), it.Value()
	...
}

Other usages:

if it.First() {
	firstIndex, firstValue := it.Index(), it.Value()
	...
}

for it.Begin(); it.Next(); {
	...
}

Seeking to a specific element:

// Seek function, i.e. find element starting with "b"
seek := func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
    return strings.HasSuffix(value.(string), "b")
}

// Seek to the condition and continue traversal from that point (forward).
// assumes it.Begin() was called.
for found := it.NextTo(seek); found; found = it.Next() {
    index, value := it.Index(), it.Value()
    ...
}

IteratorWithKey

An iterator whose elements are referenced by a key.

Typical usage:

it := tree.Iterator()
for it.Next() {
	key, value := it.Key(), it.Value()
	...
}

Other usages:

if it.First() {
	firstKey, firstValue := it.Key(), it.Value()
	...
}

for it.Begin(); it.Next(); {
	...
}

Seeking to a specific element from the current iterator position:

// Seek function, i.e. find element starting with "b"
seek := func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
    return strings.HasSuffix(value.(string), "b")
}

// Seek to the condition and continue traversal from that point (forward).
// assumes it.Begin() was called.
for found := it.NextTo(seek); found; found = it.Next() {
    key, value := it.Key(), it.Value()
    ...
}

ReverseIteratorWithIndex

An iterator whose elements are referenced by an index. Provides all functions as IteratorWithIndex, but can also be used for reverse iteration.

Typical usage of iteration in reverse:

it := list.Iterator()
for it.End(); it.Prev(); {
	index, value := it.Index(), it.Value()
	...
}

Other usages:

if it.Last() {
	lastIndex, lastValue := it.Index(), it.Value()
	...
}

Seeking to a specific element:

// Seek function, i.e. find element starting with "b"
seek := func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
    return strings.HasSuffix(value.(string), "b")
}

// Seek to the condition and continue traversal from that point (in reverse).
// assumes it.End() was called.
for found := it.PrevTo(seek); found; found = it.Prev() {
    index, value := it.Index(), it.Value()
	...
}

ReverseIteratorWithKey

An iterator whose elements are referenced by a key. Provides all functions as IteratorWithKey, but can also be used for reverse iteration.

Typical usage of iteration in reverse:

it := tree.Iterator()
for it.End(); it.Prev(); {
	key, value := it.Key(), it.Value()
	...
}

Other usages:

if it.Last() {
	lastKey, lastValue := it.Key(), it.Value()
	...
}

// Seek function, i.e. find element starting with "b"
seek := func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
    return strings.HasSuffix(value.(string), "b")
}

// Seek to the condition and continue traversal from that point (in reverse).
// assumes it.End() was called.
for found := it.PrevTo(seek); found; found = it.Prev() {
    key, value := it.Key(), it.Value()
	...
}

Enumerable

Enumerable functions for ordered containers that implement EnumerableWithIndex or EnumerableWithKey interfaces.

EnumerableWithIndex

Enumerable functions for ordered containers whose values can be fetched by an index.

Each

Calls the given function once for each element, passing that element's index and value.

Each(func(index int, value interface{}))

Map

Invokes the given function once for each element and returns a container containing the values returned by the given function.

Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{}) Container

Select

Returns a new container containing all elements for which the given function returns a true value.

Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) Container

Any

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function ever returns true for any element.

Any(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) bool

All

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function returns true for all elements.

All(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) bool

Find

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns the first (index,value) for which the function is true or -1,nil otherwise if no element matches the criteria.

Find(func(index int, value interface{}) bool) (int, interface{})}

Example:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/sets/treeset"
)

func printSet(txt string, set *treeset.Set) {
	fmt.Print(txt, "[ ")
	set.Each(func(index int, value interface{}) {
		fmt.Print(value, " ")
	})
	fmt.Println("]")
}

func main() {
	set := treeset.NewWithIntComparator()
	set.Add(2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8)
	printSet("Initial", set) // [ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ]

	even := set.Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int)%2 == 0
	})
	printSet("Even numbers", even) // [ 2 4 6 8 ]

	foundIndex, foundValue := set.Find(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int)%2 == 0 && value.(int)%3 == 0
	})
	if foundIndex != -1 {
		fmt.Println("Number divisible by 2 and 3 found is", foundValue, "at index", foundIndex) // value: 6, index: 4
	}

	square := set.Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{} {
		return value.(int) * value.(int)
	})
	printSet("Numbers squared", square) // [ 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 ]

	bigger := set.Any(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) > 5
	})
	fmt.Println("Set contains a number bigger than 5 is ", bigger) // true

	positive := set.All(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) > 0
	})
	fmt.Println("All numbers are positive is", positive) // true

	evenNumbersSquared := set.Select(func(index int, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int)%2 == 0
	}).Map(func(index int, value interface{}) interface{} {
		return value.(int) * value.(int)
	})
	printSet("Chaining", evenNumbersSquared) // [ 4 16 36 64 ]
}

EnumerableWithKey

Enumerable functions for ordered containers whose values whose elements are key/value pairs.

Each

Calls the given function once for each element, passing that element's key and value.

Each(func(key interface{}, value interface{}))

Map

Invokes the given function once for each element and returns a container containing the values returned by the given function as key/value pairs.

Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{})) Container

Select

Returns a new container containing all elements for which the given function returns a true value.

Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) Container

Any

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function ever returns true for any element.

Any(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) bool

All

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns true if the function returns true for all elements.

All(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) bool

Find

Passes each element of the container to the given function and returns the first (key,value) for which the function is true or nil,nil otherwise if no element matches the criteria.

Find(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool) (interface{}, interface{})

Example:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/treemap"
)

func printMap(txt string, m *treemap.Map) {
	fmt.Print(txt, " { ")
	m.Each(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) {
		fmt.Print(key, ":", value, " ")
	})
	fmt.Println("}")
}

func main() {
	m := treemap.NewWithStringComparator()
	m.Put("g", 7)
	m.Put("f", 6)
	m.Put("e", 5)
	m.Put("d", 4)
	m.Put("c", 3)
	m.Put("b", 2)
	m.Put("a", 1)
	printMap("Initial", m) // { a:1 b:2 c:3 d:4 e:5 f:6 g:7 }

	even := m.Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) % 2 == 0
	})
	printMap("Elements with even values", even) // { b:2 d:4 f:6 }

	foundKey, foundValue := m.Find(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) % 2 == 0 && value.(int) % 3 == 0
	})
	if foundKey != nil {
		fmt.Println("Element with value divisible by 2 and 3 found is", foundValue, "with key", foundKey) // value: 6, index: 4
	}

	square := m.Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{}) {
		return key.(string) + key.(string), value.(int) * value.(int)
	})
	printMap("Elements' values squared and letters duplicated", square) // { aa:1 bb:4 cc:9 dd:16 ee:25 ff:36 gg:49 }

	bigger := m.Any(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) > 5
	})
	fmt.Println("Map contains element whose value is bigger than 5 is", bigger) // true

	positive := m.All(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) > 0
	})
	fmt.Println("All map's elements have positive values is", positive) // true

	evenNumbersSquared := m.Select(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) bool {
		return value.(int) % 2 == 0
	}).Map(func(key interface{}, value interface{}) (interface{}, interface{}) {
		return key, value.(int) * value.(int)
	})
	printMap("Chaining", evenNumbersSquared) // { b:4 d:16 f:36 }
}

Serialization

All data structures can be serialized (marshalled) and deserialized (unmarshalled). Currently, only JSON support is available.

JSONSerializer

Outputs the container into its JSON representation.

Typical usage for key-value structures:

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/hashmap"
)

func main() {
	m := hashmap.New()
	m.Put("a", "1")
	m.Put("b", "2")
	m.Put("c", "3")

	bytes, err := json.Marshal(m) // Same as "m.ToJSON(m)"
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(string(bytes)) // {"a":"1","b":"2","c":"3"}
}

Typical usage for value-only structures:

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
)

func main() {
	list := arraylist.New()
	list.Add("a", "b", "c")

	bytes, err := json.Marshal(list) // Same as "list.ToJSON(list)"
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(string(bytes)) // ["a","b","c"]
}

JSONDeserializer

Populates the container with elements from the input JSON representation.

Typical usage for key-value structures:

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/maps/hashmap"
)

func main() {
	hm := hashmap.New()

	bytes := []byte(`{"a":"1","b":"2"}`)
	err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &hm) // Same as "hm.FromJSON(bytes)"
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(hm) // HashMap map[b:2 a:1]
}

Typical usage for value-only structures:

package main

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
)

func main() {
	list := arraylist.New()

	bytes := []byte(`["a","b"]`)
	err := json.Unmarshal(bytes, &list) // Same as "list.FromJSON(bytes)"
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	fmt.Println(list) // ArrayList ["a","b"]
}

Sort

Sort is a general purpose sort function.

Lists have an in-place Sort() function and all containers can return their sorted elements via containers.GetSortedValues() function.

Internally these all use the utils.Sort() method:

package main

import "github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"

func main() {
	strings := []interface{}{}                  // []
	strings = append(strings, "d")              // ["d"]
	strings = append(strings, "a")              // ["d","a"]
	strings = append(strings, "b")              // ["d","a",b"
	strings = append(strings, "c")              // ["d","a",b","c"]
	utils.Sort(strings, utils.StringComparator) // ["a","b","c","d"]
}

Container

Container specific operations:

// Returns sorted container''s elements with respect to the passed comparator.
// Does not affect the ordering of elements within the container.
func GetSortedValues(container Container, comparator utils.Comparator) []interface{}

Usage:

package main

import (
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/lists/arraylist"
	"github.com/emirpasic/gods/utils"
)

func main() {
	list := arraylist.New()
	list.Add(2, 1, 3)
	values := GetSortedValues(container, utils.StringComparator) // [1, 2, 3]
}

Appendix

Motivation

Collections and data structures found in other languages: Java Collections, C++ Standard Template Library (STL) containers, Qt Containers, Ruby Enumerable etc.

Goals

Fast algorithms:

• Based on decades of knowledge and experiences of other libraries mentioned above.

Memory efficient algorithms:

• Avoiding to consume memory by using optimal algorithms and data structures for the given set of problems, e.g. red-black tree in case of TreeMap to avoid keeping redundant sorted array of keys in memory.

Easy to use library:

• Well-structured library with minimalistic set of atomic operations from which more complex operations can be crafted.

Stable library:

• Only additions are permitted keeping the library backward compatible.

Solid documentation and examples:

• Learning by example.

Production ready:

• Used in production.

No dependencies:

• No external imports.

There is often a tug of war between speed and memory when crafting algorithms. We choose to optimize for speed in most cases within reasonable limits on memory consumption.

Thread safety is not a concern of this project, this should be handled at a higher level.

Testing and Benchmarking

This takes a while, so test within sub-packages:

go test -run=NO_TEST -bench . -benchmem -benchtime 1s ./...

Contributing

Biggest contribution towards this library is to use it and give us feedback for further improvements and additions.

For direct contributions, pull request into master branch or ask to become a contributor.

Coding style:

# Install tooling and set path:
go install gotest.tools/gotestsum@latest
go install golang.org/x/lint/golint@latest
go install github.com/kisielk/errcheck@latest
export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin

# Fix errors and warnings:
go fmt ./... &&
go test -v ./... && 
golint -set_exit_status ./... && 
! go fmt ./... 2>&1 | read &&
go vet -v ./... &&
gocyclo -avg -over 15 ../gods &&
errcheck ./...

License

This library is distributed under the BSD-style license found in the LICENSE file.

Sponsors

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