boundary

Boundary enables identity-based access management for dynamic infrastructure.

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Quick Overview

Boundary is an open-source project by HashiCorp that provides secure access to applications and critical systems with fine-grained authorization. It enables organizations to manage access across different environments, clouds, and protocols without exposing the underlying network. Boundary offers a modern approach to secure remote access and identity-based access management.

Pros

Centralized access control and management for various resources
Fine-grained authorization and just-in-time access
Supports multiple authentication methods and identity providers
Scalable and designed for dynamic environments

Cons

Relatively new project, still evolving and maturing
Steeper learning curve compared to traditional VPN solutions
Limited integrations with third-party tools and services
Requires careful planning and setup for complex environments

Getting Started

To get started with Boundary, follow these steps:

Install Boundary:

wget https://releases.hashicorp.com/boundary/0.12.2/boundary_0.12.2_linux_amd64.zip
unzip boundary_0.12.2_linux_amd64.zip
sudo mv boundary /usr/local/bin/

Start Boundary in dev mode:
```
boundary dev
```
Access the admin console: Open a web browser and navigate to http://127.0.0.1:9200
Use the provided login credentials to access the admin interface and start configuring your resources and access policies.

For production deployments, refer to the official documentation for more detailed setup instructions and best practices.

Competitor Comparisons

teleport

17,295

The easiest, and most secure way to access and protect all of your infrastructure.

Pros of Teleport

More mature project with a larger community and wider adoption
Supports a broader range of protocols (SSH, Kubernetes, databases, web apps)
Offers advanced features like session recording and playback

Cons of Teleport

More complex setup and configuration process
Steeper learning curve for new users
May be overkill for simpler use cases or smaller organizations

Code Comparison

Teleport configuration example:

teleport:
  nodename: example-node
  data_dir: /var/lib/teleport
  auth_token: secret-token-value
  auth_servers:
    - auth.example.com:3025

Boundary configuration example:

controller {
  name = "demo-controller"
  database {
    url = "postgresql://boundary:boundary@localhost/boundary"
  }
  public_cluster_addr = "boundary.example.com"
}

Both projects aim to provide secure access to infrastructure, but Teleport offers a more comprehensive solution with support for multiple protocols and advanced features. Boundary, being newer, focuses on simplicity and ease of use, making it potentially more suitable for organizations with specific access control needs or those just starting to implement zero trust security models.

pritunl

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Pros of Pritunl

Easier setup and configuration for small to medium-sized organizations
Built-in user management and authentication system
Supports both OpenVPN and WireGuard protocols

Cons of Pritunl

Less scalable for large enterprise environments
Limited integration with external identity providers compared to Boundary
Fewer advanced access control features

Code Comparison

Pritunl (Python):

@app.app.route('/user/<user_id>', methods=['PUT'])
@auth.session_auth
def user_put(user_id):
    user = User(user_id)
    user.commit()
    return utils.jsonify(user.dict())

Boundary (Go):

func (s *Service) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, req *pbs.CreateUserRequest) (*pbs.CreateUserResponse, error) {
    user, err := s.createUser(ctx, req.GetItem())
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }
    return &pbs.CreateUserResponse{Item: user}, nil
}

Both repositories focus on secure access management, but they target different use cases. Pritunl is more suitable for smaller organizations looking for a straightforward VPN solution, while Boundary is designed for larger enterprises requiring fine-grained access control and integration with existing infrastructure. Pritunl's code is primarily in Python, making it more accessible for quick customizations, while Boundary uses Go, which offers better performance and concurrency for large-scale deployments.

cloudflared

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Pros of cloudflared

Simpler setup and configuration for quick deployment
Integrated with Cloudflare's ecosystem, offering additional security features
Supports a wider range of protocols, including TCP, UDP, and HTTP/HTTPS

Cons of cloudflared

Limited to Cloudflare's infrastructure, potentially less flexible for custom setups
May have higher latency for non-Cloudflare users or in certain geographic regions
Less granular access control compared to Boundary's fine-grained permissions

Code Comparison

Boundary configuration example:

resource "boundary_host_catalog_static" "example" {
  name        = "example_catalog"
  description = "My first static host catalog"
  scope_id    = boundary_scope.project.id
}

cloudflared configuration example:

tunnel: example-tunnel
credentials-file: /path/to/credentials.json
ingress:
  - hostname: example.com
    service: http://localhost:8000

Both projects aim to provide secure access to resources, but they approach the problem differently. Boundary focuses on providing a comprehensive identity-aware access management solution, while cloudflared is designed to integrate seamlessly with Cloudflare's ecosystem for quick and easy tunneling capabilities.

pomerium

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Pomerium is an identity and context-aware access proxy.

Pros of Pomerium

More comprehensive identity-aware access proxy, offering additional features like SSO and user authentication
Better suited for cloud-native environments and microservices architectures
Provides built-in web UI for easier management and configuration

Cons of Pomerium

Steeper learning curve due to more complex configuration options
May be overkill for simpler access control scenarios
Less focus on traditional network-based access control compared to Boundary

Code Comparison

Pomerium configuration example:

authenticate:
  idp_provider: "google"
  idp_client_id: "REPLACE_ME"
  idp_client_secret: "REPLACE_ME"

authorize:
  policy:
    - from: "https://intranet.example.com"
      to: "http://internal-app.example.com"
      allow_any_authenticated_user: true

Boundary configuration example:

resource "boundary_scope" "org" {
  name                     = "organization"
  description              = "Organization scope"
  scope_id                 = "global"
  auto_create_admin_role   = true
  auto_create_default_role = true
}

resource "boundary_host_catalog" "static" {
  name        = "static catalog"
  description = "Static host catalog"
  type        = "static"
  scope_id    = boundary_scope.org.id
}

Both projects aim to provide secure access control, but Pomerium focuses more on identity-aware access proxy capabilities, while Boundary emphasizes traditional network-based access control with a modern approach.

oauth2-proxy

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A reverse proxy that provides authentication with Google, Azure, OpenID Connect and many more identity providers.

Pros of OAuth2 Proxy

Lightweight and easy to deploy as a single binary
Supports a wide range of OAuth2 providers out-of-the-box
Can be used as a reverse proxy for various applications without modification

Cons of OAuth2 Proxy

Limited to OAuth2 authentication, lacking more advanced access control features
Requires additional configuration for complex setups or custom providers
Less integrated with other infrastructure management tools

Code Comparison

OAuth2 Proxy configuration example:

providers:
  - provider: github
    client_id: <client_id>
    client_secret: <client_secret>
    scope: user:email

Boundary configuration example:

resource "boundary_auth_method_oidc" "github" {
  name        = "GitHub Auth"
  description = "OIDC auth method for GitHub"
  issuer      = "https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com"
  client_id   = "<client_id>"
  client_secret = "<client_secret>"
  signing_algorithms = ["RS256"]
}

Both projects provide authentication solutions, but Boundary offers a more comprehensive access management platform with additional features for infrastructure and application access control. OAuth2 Proxy is more focused on providing a simple OAuth2 authentication layer for existing applications.

authelia

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The Single Sign-On Multi-Factor portal for web apps

Pros of Authelia

Open-source and self-hosted, providing full control over authentication infrastructure
Supports multiple authentication methods (2FA, U2F, TOTP) out of the box
Integrates easily with existing infrastructure and reverse proxies

Cons of Authelia

Requires more setup and configuration compared to Boundary's managed service approach
May lack enterprise-level support and advanced features offered by HashiCorp

Code Comparison

Authelia configuration (YAML):

access_control:
  default_policy: deny
  rules:
    - domain: secure.example.com
      policy: two_factor

Boundary configuration (HCL):

resource "boundary_auth_method_password" "password" {
  name        = "org_password_auth"
  description = "Password auth method for org"
  scope_id    = boundary_scope.org.id
}

Both projects focus on access control and authentication, but their approaches differ. Authelia is a comprehensive authentication and authorization server, while Boundary is more focused on secure access to systems and applications. Authelia may be better suited for smaller, self-hosted environments, while Boundary offers a more scalable, enterprise-oriented solution with features like dynamic host catalogs and fine-grained access controls.

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README

Boundary

What is Boundary: https://developer.hashicorp.com/boundary/docs/overview/what-is-boundary
Website: https://www.boundaryproject.io/
Forums: HashiCorp Discuss
Documentation: https://boundaryproject.io/docs
Tutorials: HashiCorp's Learn Platform

Boundary is an identity-aware proxy that provides a simple, secure way to access hosts and critical systems on your network.

With Boundary you can:

Integrate with your IdP of choice using OpenID Connect, enabling users to securely sign-in to their Boundary environment
Provide just-in-time network access to network resources, wherever they reside
Manage session credentials via a native static credential store, or dynamically generate unique per-session credentials by integrating with HashiCorp Vault
Automate discovery of new endpoints
Manage privileged sessions using Boundaryâs session controls
Standardize your team's access workflow with a consistent experience for any type of infrastructure across any provider

Boundary is designed to be straightforward to understand, highly scalable, and resilient. It can run in clouds, on-prem, secure enclaves and more, and does not require an agent to be installed on every end host, making it suitable for access to managed/cloud services and container-based workflows in addition to traditional host systems and services.

For more information, refer to "What is Boundary?" on the Boundary website.

Getting Started

Boundary consists of two server components:

Controller, which serves the API and coordinate session requests
Workers, which perform session handling

A real-world Boundary installation will likely consist of one or more controllers paired with one or more workers. A single Boundary binary can act in either, or both, of these two modes.

Additionally, Boundary provides a Desktop client and CLI for end-users to request and establish authorized sessions to resources across a network.

Boundary does not require software to be installed on your hosts and services.

Requirements

Boundary has two external dependencies:

A SQL database
At least one KMS

SQL database

The database contains Boundary's configuration and session information. The controller nodes must be able to access the database.

Values that are secrets (e.g credentials) are encrypted in the database. Currently, PostgreSQL is supported as a database and has been tested with Postgres 12 and above.

Boundary uses only common extensions and both hosted and self-managed instances are supported. In most instances, all that you need is a database endpoint and the appropriate credentials.

KMS

Boundary uses KMS keys for various purposes, such as protecting secrets, authenticating workers, recovering data, encrypting values in Boundaryâs configuration, and more. Boundary uses key derivation extensively to avoid key sprawl of these high-value keys.

You can use any cloud KMS or Vault's Transit Secrets Engine to satisfy the KMS requirement.

Trying out Boundary

Running Boundary in a more permanent context requires a few more steps, such as writing some simple configuration files to tell the nodes how to reach their database and KMS. The steps below, along with the extra information needed for permanent installations, are detailed in our Installation Guide.

â ï¸ Do not use the main branch except for dev or test cases. Boundary 0.10 introduced release branches which should be safe to track, however, migrations in main may be renumbered if needed. The Boundary team will not be able to provide assistance if running main over the long term results in migration breakages or other bugs.

Download and Run from Release Page

Download the latest release of the server binary and appropriate desktop client(s) from our downloads page

Quickstart with Boundary Dev

Boundary has a dev mode that you can use for testing. In dev mode, you can start both a controller and worker with a single command, and they have the following properties:

The controller starts a PostgreSQL Docker container to use as storage. This container will be shut down and removed, if possible, when the controller is shut down gracefully.
The controller uses an internal KMS with ephemeral keys

Building from Source

If you meet the following local requirements, you can quickly get up and running with Boundary:

Go v1.21 or greater
Docker
Either the Boundary UI dependencies for locally building the ui assets or gh cli for downloading pre-built ui assets.

Simply run:

make install

This will build Boundary. (The first time this is run it will fetch and compile UI assets; which will take a few extra minutes.) Once complete, run Boundary in dev mode:

$GOPATH/bin/boundary dev

Please note that development may require other tools; to install the set of tools at the versions used by the Boundary team, run:

make tools

Without doing so, you may encounter errors while running make install. It is important to also note that using make tools will install various tools used for Boundary development to the normal Go binary directory; this may overwrite or take precedence over tools that might already be installed on the system.

Start Boundary

Start the server binary with:

boundary dev

This will start a Controller service listening on http://127.0.0.1:9200 for incoming API requests and a Worker service listening on http://127.0.0.1:9202 for incoming session requests. It will also create various default resources and display various useful pieces of information, such as a login name and password that can be used to authenticate.

Configuring Resources

For a simple test of Boundary in dev mode you don't generally need to configure any resources at all! But it's useful to understand what dev mode did for you so you can then take further steps. By default, dev mode will create:

The global Scope for initial authentication, containing a Password-type Auth Method, along with an Account for login.
An organization Scope under global, and a project Scope inside the organization.
A Host Catalog with a default Host Set, which itself contains a Host with the address of the local machine (127.0.0.1)
A Target mapping the Host Set to a set of connection parameters, with a default port of 22 (e.g. SSH)

You can go into Boundary's web UI or use its API to change these default values, for instance if you want to connect to a different host or need to modify the port on which to connect.

Making the Connection

Next, let's actually make a connection to your local SSH daemon via Boundary:

Authenticate to Boundary; using default dev values, this would be boundary authenticate password -auth-method-id ampw_1234567890 -login-name admin -password password. (Note that if you do not include the password flag you will be prompted for it.)
Run boundary connect ssh -target-id ttcp_1234567890. If you want to adjust the username, pass -username <name> to the command.

Check out the possibilities for target configuration to test out limiting (or increasing) the number of connections per session or setting a maximum time limit; try canceling an active session from the sessions page or via boundary sessions, make your own commands with boundary connect -exec, and so on.

Going Further

This example is a simple way to get started but omits several key steps that could be taken in a production context:

Using a firewall or other means to restrict the set of hosts allowed to connect to a local service to only Boundary Worker nodes, thereby making Boundary the only means of ingress to a host
Using the Boundary Terraform provider to easily integrate Boundary with your existing code-based infrastructure
Pointing a BI tool (PowerBI, Tableau, etc.) at Boundary's data warehouse to generate insights and look for anomalies with respect to session access

Please note: We take Boundary's security and our users' trust very seriously. If you believe you have found a security issue in Boundary, please responsibly disclose by contacting us at security@hashicorp.com.

Contributing

Thank you for your interest in contributing! Please refer to CONTRIBUTING.md for guidance.

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