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by ex-googlers, for ex-googlers - a lookup table of similar tech & services

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Learn how to design large-scale systems. Prep for the system design interview. Includes Anki flashcards.

Interactive roadmaps, guides and other educational content to help developers grow in their careers.

The Patterns of Scalable, Reliable, and Performant Large-Scale Systems

A curated list of engineering blogs

Linux, Jenkins, AWS, SRE, Prometheus, Docker, Python, Ansible, Git, Kubernetes, Terraform, OpenStack, SQL, NoSQL, Azure, GCP, DNS, Elastic, Network, Virtualization. DevOps Interview Questions

A collection of inspiring lists, manuals, cheatsheets, blogs, hacks, one-liners, cli/web tools and more.

Quick Overview

The jhuangtw/xg2xg repository is a comprehensive guide that maps Google-specific technologies to open-source or commercially available alternatives. It serves as a valuable resource for ex-Googlers and others interested in understanding how Google's internal tools compare to external options. The project aims to bridge the gap between Google's proprietary ecosystem and the wider tech industry.

Pros

  • Provides a detailed comparison of Google technologies with external alternatives
  • Regularly updated with new information and contributions from the community
  • Covers a wide range of technology categories, from infrastructure to productivity tools
  • Useful for both ex-Googlers transitioning to new roles and non-Googlers seeking insights into Google's tech stack

Cons

  • Some comparisons may be subjective or based on limited information
  • The rapidly evolving tech landscape means some information may become outdated quickly
  • Focuses primarily on Google technologies, which may limit its usefulness for those interested in other tech giants' internal tools
  • May not provide in-depth explanations or tutorials for the listed alternatives

As this is not a code library, we'll skip the code examples and getting started instructions sections.

Competitor Comparisons

Learn how to design large-scale systems. Prep for the system design interview. Includes Anki flashcards.

Pros of system-design-primer

  • Comprehensive coverage of system design concepts and principles
  • Includes interactive coding challenges and exercises
  • Regularly updated with new content and community contributions

Cons of system-design-primer

  • More theoretical and less focused on specific tools or technologies
  • May be overwhelming for beginners due to its extensive content
  • Lacks direct mappings to specific company technologies

Code comparison

While both repositories don't primarily focus on code examples, system-design-primer does include some code snippets for illustrative purposes:

# system-design-primer example: Simple cache implementation
class Cache:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cache = {}
        self.max_cache_size = 100

    def set(self, key, value):
        if len(self.cache) >= self.max_cache_size:
            self.cache.pop(next(iter(self.cache)))
        self.cache[key] = value

xg2xg doesn't typically include code snippets, as it focuses on mapping Google technologies to open-source alternatives.

Summary

system-design-primer is a comprehensive resource for learning system design concepts, while xg2xg serves as a quick reference for mapping Google technologies to alternatives. system-design-primer offers more in-depth learning materials but may be overwhelming for beginners, whereas xg2xg provides concise, practical information for those familiar with Google's tech stack.

Interactive roadmaps, guides and other educational content to help developers grow in their careers.

Pros of developer-roadmap

  • Provides comprehensive visual roadmaps for various tech roles and skills
  • Regularly updated with new content and technologies
  • Offers interactive versions of roadmaps on the project website

Cons of developer-roadmap

  • Focuses on general career paths rather than specific tool alternatives
  • May be overwhelming for beginners due to the breadth of information
  • Lacks direct comparisons between similar tools or technologies

Code comparison

While both repositories primarily consist of markdown files and don't contain significant code, developer-roadmap includes some JavaScript for its interactive features:

// developer-roadmap
import { writable } from 'svelte/store';

export const activeRoadmap = writable('frontend');
export const sidebarOpened = writable(false);
export const marketplaceOpened = writable(false);

xg2xg, on the other hand, is purely markdown-based and doesn't include any code.

Summary

developer-roadmap offers comprehensive visual guides for various tech career paths, making it ideal for those planning their learning journey. xg2xg, in contrast, provides a more focused list of tool alternatives, particularly useful for those transitioning from Google's tech stack. While developer-roadmap is more regularly updated and interactive, xg2xg offers a more concise and specific resource for tool comparisons.

The Patterns of Scalable, Reliable, and Performant Large-Scale Systems

Pros of awesome-scalability

  • More comprehensive coverage of scalability topics, including principles, patterns, and technologies
  • Better organized with clear categories and subcategories
  • Includes visual diagrams and explanations for complex concepts

Cons of awesome-scalability

  • Less focused on specific tools and technologies used by large tech companies
  • May be overwhelming for beginners due to the breadth of information
  • Lacks direct comparisons between similar tools or technologies

Code comparison

Not applicable for these repositories, as they are primarily curated lists of resources and don't contain significant code samples.

Summary

xg2xg is a concise list of tools and technologies used by large tech companies, particularly Google, and their open-source alternatives. It's useful for developers looking to replicate specific tech stacks.

awesome-scalability is a comprehensive guide to scalability concepts, patterns, and technologies. It covers a broader range of topics and provides more in-depth explanations, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced developers seeking to understand and implement scalable systems.

Both repositories serve different purposes and can be complementary resources for developers interested in building scalable systems and understanding the tools used by major tech companies.

A curated list of engineering blogs

Pros of engineering-blogs

  • Extensive collection of engineering blogs from various companies and individuals
  • Regularly updated with new blog entries
  • Provides a valuable resource for staying up-to-date with industry trends and best practices

Cons of engineering-blogs

  • Limited to blog links, lacking other types of resources or tools
  • Less structured organization compared to xg2xg's categorized approach
  • May require more time to find specific information or topics

Code comparison

While both repositories primarily consist of markdown files, engineering-blogs has a simpler structure:

# Engineering Blogs

* Airbnb Engineering: https://medium.com/airbnb-engineering
* Atlassian Developers: https://developer.atlassian.com/blog/
* AWS Blog: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/

xg2xg uses a more structured approach with categories:

## Career

| Google Internal | Google External | Open Source / Real-World |
| --------------- | --------------- | ------------------------ |
| EDGE Program | | |
| APLUS | | |
| Engineering Ladder | | [levels.fyi](https://www.levels.fyi/) |

Both repositories serve different purposes, with engineering-blogs focusing on curating blog links and xg2xg providing a broader range of resources and tools across various categories.

Linux, Jenkins, AWS, SRE, Prometheus, Docker, Python, Ansible, Git, Kubernetes, Terraform, OpenStack, SQL, NoSQL, Azure, GCP, DNS, Elastic, Network, Virtualization. DevOps Interview Questions

Pros of devops-exercises

  • More comprehensive coverage of DevOps topics, including networking, Linux, CI/CD, and more
  • Includes practical exercises and questions for hands-on learning
  • Regularly updated with new content and contributions from the community

Cons of devops-exercises

  • Less focused on specific tools and services used in large tech companies
  • May be overwhelming for beginners due to the breadth of topics covered
  • Lacks direct mappings between different cloud providers' services

Code comparison

While both repositories primarily contain markdown files and don't have extensive code samples, devops-exercises includes some code snippets for exercises. For example:

devops-exercises:

#!/usr/bin/env python

def factorial(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    else:
        return n * factorial(n-1)

xg2xg doesn't typically include code snippets, focusing instead on tool and service comparisons:

| Google Internal  | Google External | Open Source / Real-World                 |
| ---------------- | --------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| Dremel           | BigQuery        | Apache Drill, Presto, Trino, Clickhouse  |
| Colossus         | GFS             | HDFS, Ceph                               |

Both repositories serve different purposes: devops-exercises is a learning resource for DevOps practices, while xg2xg is a reference for mapping Google-specific tools to external equivalents.

A collection of inspiring lists, manuals, cheatsheets, blogs, hacks, one-liners, cli/web tools and more.

Pros of the-book-of-secret-knowledge

  • Broader scope, covering a wide range of IT topics and tools
  • More comprehensive with over 500 resources and tools listed
  • Regularly updated with new content and contributions

Cons of the-book-of-secret-knowledge

  • Less focused on specific company equivalents
  • May be overwhelming for users looking for quick alternatives
  • Requires more time to navigate and find relevant information

Code comparison

While both repositories primarily consist of markdown files with lists and links, they don't contain significant code snippets. However, here's a brief comparison of their structure:

the-book-of-secret-knowledge:

## CLI Tools & Utilities
### CLI Tools - Networking
- [Nmap](https://nmap.org/) - free, open source tool for network discovery and security auditing.

xg2xg:

## Infrastructure
| Google Internal | Google External | Open Source / Real-World    |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------------------- |
| Borg            | [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/)     | [Apache Mesos](https://mesos.apache.org/) |

Both repositories use markdown formatting, but xg2xg focuses on comparing Google tools to external alternatives, while the-book-of-secret-knowledge provides a more general list of resources across various IT domains.

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A handy lookup table of similar technology and services to help ex-googlers survive the real world :) pull-requests are very welcomed. Please do not list any confidential projects!

For a working example of (some) of these technologies integrated together, see: https://github.com/google/startup-os

See also: System Design Primer, The Hadoop Ecosystem Table, Map AWS services to GCP products, Database of Databases, Google Open Source Glossary

Technology

Core Technology

Google InternalGoogle ExternalOpen Source / Real-World
MapReduceApache Hadoop, Spark
FlumeDataFlowApache Beam
Protocol BufferProtobuf, FlatBuffersCap'n Proto, Thrift, Avro, Amazon Ion, CBOR, kryo
StubbygRPCThrift, Bolt
ChubbyApache Zookeeper, etcd, HashiCorp Consul
Goops / PubSubCloud Pub/SubApache Kafka, Apache Pulsar, Facebook LogDevice
//baseabseil

Infrastructure

Google InternalGoogle ExternalOpen Source / Real-World
BorgKubernetesApache Mesos, Apache Aurora, HashiCorp Nomad
GSLBCloud Load Balancing - InternalAWS ELB, Istio, linkerd
OnePlatformAPI GatewaySwagger
GFE, Maglev, uberproxyCloud Load Balancing - HTTPS / Externalenvoy, AWS ALB, HAProxy, nginx, F5
uberproxy (sso proxy)Identity-Aware Proxybuzzfeed-sso, Pomerium
ZanzibarZanzibar Research PaperSpiceDB/authzed, Ory Keto, topaz, Opal, (iam)Keycloak, Warrant
data center hardwareopen compute
Jupiter, Starblaze
B4, Stargate, TE
USPS, Andromeda
ESDNFaucet
broccoli man

Storage

Google InternalGoogle ExternalOpen Source / Real-World
GFS/ColossusHDFS, Ceph, GlusterFS, MooseFS
BigTableCloud BigTablePrestoDB, Cassandra, HBase, Accumulo, DynamoDB, ScyllaDB
SpannerCloud SpannerVitess, CockroachDB, TiDB
ColumnIO / CapacitorApache Parquet, ORC
sstablelevelDBRocksDB, pebble
zippySnappylz4
RecordIORiegeli, TFRecords, & in OR-Tools, szlstuffed-record-stream

Services

Google InternalGoogle ExternalOpen SourceSaaS
DremelBigQueryApache Drill, Presto, Spark(sort-of),AWS Athena, Redshift Spectrum, Snowflake
Dremel UIRedash, Metabase, Apache Superset
Search (Mustang, Alexandria)Elasticsearch, OpenSearch, Solr, Lucenealgolia
pubsubpubsubNATS.io, RabbitMQ, PubNubAWS SQS/SNS, AWS AppSync
MillWheelCloud DataflowApache Flink, beam
ColabColaboratoryJupyterObservable
PLXGoogle Data StudioMode
Monarchpaper
Napapaper
MakerSuiteMakerSuite

DevOps

Google InternalGoogle ExternalReal-World
AssimilatorDominator
BlazeBazelBuck, Pants, please.build, Blade, recc, BuildBuddy, flare.build
OncallPagerDuty, OpsGenie, VictorOps
varz/borgmon/monarchCloud MonitoringDatadog, Prometheus, M3, librato, newrelic, skylight, scout, Scotty/tricorder, netdata, bosun, also this and this
ViceroyCloud MonitoringGrafana
Exception/Error Tracking (thirdeye)Sentry.io, Raygun.io, Rollbar, Honeybadger, Airbrake, OverOps, ELK stack
styleguidesgoogle styleguidesPEP-8, HoundCI auto-style-reviewer
SpongeEngFlow
Blaze/Forge/TAP/BuildCopCloud Buildbuildkite, CircleCI, travis, jenkins, gitlabCI, github, Drone
Forge/ObjFSEngFlow, flare.build
Sandman(test env)/Guitar
Sisyphus / RapidSpinnaker, lambdaCD, screwdriver.cd, CodeShip, shipit-engine, GoCD, AWS CodeDeploy, Capistrano, Fabric, ConcourseCI, samson
MPMDocker, OCI
borg / borgcfg / gclJsonnet, CueAWS Cloudformation, Puppet, Chef, Salt, Ansible, Terraform, kubecfg, pulumi, Nix
logging, analogStackDriverlogstash, fluentd, PaperTrail, cernan, loki
CodeSearch, GrimoireZoekt kythe Code Search (for Google open source code only, with separate UI for Android and Chromium. Go CLI source.)Sourcegraph, OpenGrok, livegrep
Critique, Gerrit, Mondrian etc.GerritReviewable , Phabricator
ciderEclipse Che, Cloud9, gitpod.io, Coder, Code-Server (VSCode in a Tab), DevZero
buganizerGoogle Issue TrackerJIRA, bugzilla, github issues, Linear
BugjugglerSnoozeThis
ToTTGoogle Test BlogIncrement
Copybara / MOECopybara, MOE
workflow/dependency managementLuigi, Airflow, digdag, Pachyderm, Dask
ErrorProneErrorProneSpotBugs, FindBugs
Dapperstackdriver tracezipkin, OpenTelemetry, jaeger, LightStep, Honeycomb
C++ Tips of the WeekAbseil C++ Tips of the Week
DiRTChaosMonkey, aws fis
Rosiemicroplane, silver-platter
API Improvements ProposalsAIP
g4 {fix, submit}Trunk.io, Graphite
proberscloudprober

Security

Google InternalGoogle ExternalOpen Source
prodaccess/LOASKeymaster
prod secrets/identity managementchamber, knox, SPIFFE

IT / Operations / Misc

Google InternalReal-World
software engineering at google 1, 2Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned from Programming Over Time
SRE @ google
valentineVault, 1Password, Lastpass, pass, keeper
OWNERS files in repogithub CODEOWNERS
snippetsKhan/snippets
SnipItrecordit, CloudApp, dropbox screenshots, Snippyly
stuff (SaaS IT management)productiv, intello, zylo
stuff (Device Management)jamf
device security monitoringRed Canary
beyondcorpbeyondcorp
go/ linksgolinks, go, Goat, trotto, go-shorten
google3 philosophyinnersource, monorepo, YouTube talk
doing code reviewcode review
safely sharing 1-time secretssendsecure.ly, croc, onetimesecret, privatebin
messagingmattermost, Slack, gchat
tech talksTechTalks @ Google
g3docwritethedocs, docs-as-code
GUTSspoke, freshservice
MOMAglean

PeopleOps / Culture

Google InternalReal-World
OKRCultureAmp OKR, Lattice Goals, Ally, workboard
HRIS/ERPNamely, BambooHR, Workday, Paylocity
peer bonusbonus.ly
kudosheytaco, slack ++ bot
perksfond
talksTalks @ Google
doryslido
edge, people ops trainingLifeLabs
googlegeistCulture Amp, humu, tinypulse, peakon
MengSearch Inside Yourself
LazloWork Rules
Claire StapletonTech Support - existential advice for the modern tech worker
books about googleHow Google Works, In The Plex, Software Engineering at Google

also check out xoogler.co, which organizes events, slack channels etc

disclaimer: I'm not affiliated with any of the technologies/products mentioned above.

disclaimer: I left Google a number of years ago so some of the naming might be dated.