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eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y

Static AST checker for accessibility rules on JSX elements.

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Why?

This plugin does a static evaluation of the JSX to spot accessibility issues in React apps. Because it only catches errors in static code, use it in combination with @axe-core/react to test the accessibility of the rendered DOM. Consider these tools just as one step of a larger a11y testing process and always test your apps with assistive technology.

Installation

If you are installing this plugin via eslint-config-airbnb, please follow these instructions.

You'll first need to install ESLint:

# npm
npm install eslint --save-dev

# yarn
yarn add eslint --dev

Next, install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y:

# npm
npm install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y --save-dev

# yarn
yarn add eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y --dev

Note: If you installed ESLint globally (using the -g flag in npm, or the global prefix in yarn) then you must also install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y globally.

Usage - Legacy Config (.eslintrc)

Add jsx-a11y to the plugins section of your .eslintrc configuration file. You can omit the eslint-plugin- prefix:

{
  "plugins": ["jsx-a11y"]
}

Then configure the rules you want to use under the rules section.

{
  "rules": {
    "jsx-a11y/rule-name": 2
  }
}

You can also enable all the recommended or strict rules at once. Add plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended or plugin:jsx-a11y/strict in extends:

{
  "extends": ["plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended"]
}

Configurations

As you are extending our configuration, you can omit "plugins": ["jsx-a11y"] from your .eslintrc configuration file.

{
  "settings": {
    "jsx-a11y": {
      "polymorphicPropName": "as",
      "components": {
        "CityInput": "input",
        "CustomButton": "button",
        "MyButton": "button",
        "RoundButton": "button"
      },
      "attributes": {
        "for": ["htmlFor", "for"]
      }
    }
  }
}

Usage - Flat Config (eslint.config.js)

The default export of eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y is a plugin object.

const jsxA11y = require('eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y');

module.exports = [
  …
  {
    files: ['**/*.{js,mjs,cjs,jsx,mjsx,ts,tsx,mtsx}'],
    plugins: {
      'jsx-a11y': jsxA11y,
    },
    languageOptions: {
      parserOptions: {
        ecmaFeatures: {
          jsx: true,
        },
      },
    },
    rules: {
      // ... any rules you want
      'jsx-a11y/alt-text': 'error',
    },
    // ... others are omitted for brevity
  },
  …
];

Shareable Configs

There are two shareable configs, provided by the plugin.

• flatConfigs.recommended
• flatConfigs.strict

CJS

const jsxA11y = require('eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y');

export default [
  jsxA11y.flatConfigs.recommended,
  {
    // Your additional configs and overrides
  },
];

ESM

import jsxA11y from 'eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y';

export default [
  jsxA11y.flatConfigs.recommended,
  {
    // Your additional configs and overrides
  },
];

Note: Our shareable configs do NOT configure files or languageOptions.globals. For most of the cases, you probably want to configure some of these properties yourself.

const jsxA11y = require('eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y');
const globals = require('globals');

module.exports = [
  …
  {
    files: ['**/*.{js,mjs,cjs,jsx,mjsx,ts,tsx,mtsx}'],
    ...jsxA11y.flatConfigs.recommended,
    languageOptions: {
      ...jsxA11y.flatConfigs.recommended.languageOptions,
      globals: {
        ...globals.serviceworker,
        ...globals.browser,
      },
    },
  },
  …
];

Component Mapping

To enable your custom components to be checked as DOM elements, you can set global settings in your configuration file by mapping each custom component name to a DOM element type.

Attribute Mapping

To configure the JSX property to use for attribute checking, you can set global settings in your configuration file by mapping each DOM attribute to the JSX property you want to check. For example, you may want to allow the for attribute in addition to the htmlFor attribute for checking label associations.

Polymorphic Components

You can optionally use the polymorphicPropName setting to define the prop your code uses to create polymorphic components. This setting will be used determine the element type in rules that require semantic context.

For example, if you set the polymorphicPropName setting to as then this element:

<Box as="h3">Configurations </Box>

will be evaluated as an h3. If no polymorphicPropName is set, then the component will be evaluated as Box.

To restrict polymorphic linting to specified components, additionally set polymorphicAllowList to an array of component names.

⚠️ Polymorphic components can make code harder to maintain; please use this feature with caution.

Supported Rules

💼 Configurations enabled in.
🚫 Configurations disabled in.
☑️ Set in the recommended configuration.
🔒 Set in the strict configuration.
💡 Manually fixable by editor suggestions.
❌ Deprecated.

Name                                        Â	Description	💼	🚫	💡	❌
accessible-emoji	Enforce emojis are wrapped in <span> and provide screen reader access.				❌
alt-text	Enforce all elements that require alternative text have meaningful information to relay back to end user.	☑️ 🔒
anchor-ambiguous-text	Enforce <a> text to not exactly match "click here", "here", "link", or "a link".		☑️
anchor-has-content	Enforce all anchors to contain accessible content.	☑️ 🔒
anchor-is-valid	Enforce all anchors are valid, navigable elements.	☑️ 🔒
aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex	Enforce elements with aria-activedescendant are tabbable.	☑️ 🔒
aria-props	Enforce all aria-* props are valid.	☑️ 🔒
aria-proptypes	Enforce ARIA state and property values are valid.	☑️ 🔒
aria-role	Enforce that elements with ARIA roles must use a valid, non-abstract ARIA role.	☑️ 🔒
aria-unsupported-elements	Enforce that elements that do not support ARIA roles, states, and properties do not have those attributes.	☑️ 🔒
autocomplete-valid	Enforce that autocomplete attributes are used correctly.	☑️ 🔒
click-events-have-key-events	Enforce a clickable non-interactive element has at least one keyboard event listener.	☑️ 🔒
control-has-associated-label	Enforce that a control (an interactive element) has a text label.		☑️ 🔒
heading-has-content	Enforce heading (h1, h2, etc) elements contain accessible content.	☑️ 🔒
html-has-lang	Enforce <html> element has lang prop.	☑️ 🔒
iframe-has-title	Enforce iframe elements have a title attribute.	☑️ 🔒
img-redundant-alt	Enforce <img> alt prop does not contain the word "image", "picture", or "photo".	☑️ 🔒
interactive-supports-focus	Enforce that elements with interactive handlers like onClick must be focusable.	☑️ 🔒		💡
label-has-associated-control	Enforce that a label tag has a text label and an associated control.	☑️ 🔒
label-has-for	Enforce that <label> elements have the htmlFor prop.		☑️ 🔒		❌
lang	Enforce lang attribute has a valid value.
media-has-caption	Enforces that <audio> and <video> elements must have a <track> for captions.	☑️ 🔒
mouse-events-have-key-events	Enforce that onMouseOver/onMouseOut are accompanied by onFocus/onBlur for keyboard-only users.	☑️ 🔒
no-access-key	Enforce that the accessKey prop is not used on any element to avoid complications with keyboard commands used by a screen reader.	☑️ 🔒
no-aria-hidden-on-focusable	Disallow aria-hidden="true" from being set on focusable elements.
no-autofocus	Enforce autoFocus prop is not enabled.	☑️ 🔒
no-distracting-elements	Enforce distracting elements are not used.	☑️ 🔒
no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role	Interactive elements should not be assigned non-interactive roles.	☑️ 🔒
no-noninteractive-element-interactions	Non-interactive elements should not be assigned mouse or keyboard event listeners.	☑️ 🔒
no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role	Non-interactive elements should not be assigned interactive roles.	☑️ 🔒
no-noninteractive-tabindex	tabIndex should only be declared on interactive elements.	☑️ 🔒
no-onchange	Enforce usage of onBlur over onChange on select menus for accessibility.				❌
no-redundant-roles	Enforce explicit role property is not the same as implicit/default role property on element.	☑️ 🔒
no-static-element-interactions	Enforce that non-interactive, visible elements (such as <div>) that have click handlers use the role attribute.	☑️ 🔒
prefer-tag-over-role	Enforces using semantic DOM elements over the ARIA role property.
role-has-required-aria-props	Enforce that elements with ARIA roles must have all required attributes for that role.	☑️ 🔒
role-supports-aria-props	Enforce that elements with explicit or implicit roles defined contain only aria-* properties supported by that role.	☑️ 🔒
scope	Enforce scope prop is only used on <th> elements.	☑️ 🔒
tabindex-no-positive	Enforce tabIndex value is not greater than zero.	☑️ 🔒

The following rules have extra options when in recommended mode:

no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role

'jsx-a11y/no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role': [
  'error',
  {
    tr: ['none', 'presentation'],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-element-interactions

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
  'error',
  {
    handlers: [
      'onClick',
      'onMouseDown',
      'onMouseUp',
      'onKeyPress',
      'onKeyDown',
      'onKeyUp',
    ],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role': [
  'error',
  {
    ul: [
      'listbox',
      'menu',
      'menubar',
      'radiogroup',
      'tablist',
      'tree',
      'treegrid',
    ],
    ol: [
      'listbox',
      'menu',
      'menubar',
      'radiogroup',
      'tablist',
      'tree',
      'treegrid',
    ],
    li: ['menuitem', 'option', 'row', 'tab', 'treeitem'],
    table: ['grid'],
    td: ['gridcell'],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-tabindex

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-tabindex': [
  'error',
  {
    tags: [],
    roles: ['tabpanel'],
  },
]

no-static-element-interactions

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
  'error',
  {
    handlers: [
      'onClick',
      'onMouseDown',
      'onMouseUp',
      'onKeyPress',
      'onKeyDown',
      'onKeyUp',
    ],
  },
]

Creating a new rule

If you are developing new rules for this project, you can use the create-rule script to scaffold the new files.

./scripts/create-rule.js my-new-rule

Some background on WAI-ARIA, the AX Tree and Browsers

Accessibility API

An operating system will provide an accessibility API that maps application state and content onto input/output controllers such as a screen reader, braille device, keyboard, etc.

These APIs were developed as computer interfaces shifted from buffers (which are text-based and inherently quite accessible) to graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The first attempts to make GUIs accessible involved raster image parsing to recognize characters, words, etc. This information was stored in a parallel buffer and made accessible to assistive technology (AT) devices.

As GUIs became more complex, the raster parsing approach became untenable. Accessibility APIs were developed to replace them. Check out NSAccessibility (AXAPI) for an example. See Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 for more details.

Browsers

Browsers support an Accessibility API on a per operating system basis. For instance, Firefox implements the MSAA accessibility API on Windows, but does not implement the AXAPI on OSX.

The Accessibility (AX) Tree & DOM

From the W3 Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1

The accessibility tree and the DOM tree are parallel structures. Roughly speaking the accessibility tree is a subset of the DOM tree. It includes the user interface objects of the user agent and the objects of the document. Accessible objects are created in the accessibility tree for every DOM element that should be exposed to assistive technology, either because it may fire an accessibility event or because it has a property, relationship or feature which needs to be exposed. Generally, if something can be trimmed out it will be, for reasons of performance and simplicity. For example, a <span> with just a style change and no semantics may not get its own accessible object, but the style change will be exposed by other means.

Browser vendors are beginning to expose the AX Tree through inspection tools. Chrome has an experiment available to enable their inspection tool.

You can also see a text-based version of the AX Tree in Chrome in the stable release version.

Viewing the AX Tree in Chrome

1. Navigate to chrome://accessibility/ in Chrome.
2. Toggle the accessibility off link for any tab that you want to inspect.
3. A link labeled show accessibility tree will appear; click this link.
4. Balk at the wall of text that gets displayed, but then regain your conviction.
5. Use the browser's find command to locate strings and values in the wall of text.

Pulling it all together

A browser constructs an AX Tree as a subset of the DOM. ARIA heavily informs the properties of this AX Tree. This AX Tree is exposed to the system level Accessibility API which mediates assistive technology agents.

We model ARIA in the aria-query project. We model AXObjects (that comprise the AX Tree) in the axobject-query project. The goal of the WAI-ARIA specification is to be a complete declarative interface to the AXObject model. The in-draft 1.2 version is moving towards this goal. But until then, we must consider the semantics constructs afforded by ARIA as well as those afforded by the AXObject model (AXAPI) in order to determine how HTML can be used to express user interface affordances to assistive technology users.

License

eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y is licensed under the MIT License.