pact-ruby

Enables consumer driven contract testing, providing a mock service and DSL for the consumer project, and interaction playback and verification for the service provider project.

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Quick Overview

Pact-Ruby is a Ruby implementation of the Pact contract testing framework. It allows developers to define and verify consumer-driven contracts between microservices, ensuring that services can communicate effectively with each other. Pact-Ruby helps catch integration issues early in the development process, promoting more reliable and maintainable distributed systems.

Pros

Enables consumer-driven contract testing, improving the reliability of microservices
Supports both HTTP and message-based interactions
Integrates well with popular Ruby testing frameworks like RSpec and Minitest
Provides a clear and expressive DSL for defining contracts

Cons

Learning curve for teams new to contract testing concepts
Can add complexity to the testing process, especially for smaller projects
Requires coordination between consumer and provider teams to maintain contracts
May have performance overhead for large test suites

Code Examples

Defining a Pact contract for a consumer:

Pact.service_consumer "Consumer" do
  has_pact_with "Provider" do
    mock_service :provider do
      port 1234
    end
  end
end

Pact.upon_interaction do
  given("a user exists")
  upon_receiving("a request for user information")
  with(method: :get, path: "/users/1")
  will_respond_with(
    status: 200,
    headers: { "Content-Type" => "application/json" },
    body: { id: 1, name: "John Doe" }
  )
end

Verifying a Pact contract on the provider side:

Pact.provider_states_for "Consumer" do
  provider_state "a user exists" do
    set_up do
      User.create(id: 1, name: "John Doe")
    end
  end
end

Pact::ProviderVerifier.new(
  provider: "Provider",
  provider_base_url: "http://localhost:3000",
  pact_urls: ["./pacts/consumer-provider.json"]
).verify

Using Pact in RSpec tests:

describe "User API", pact: true do
  include_pact_with "Provider"

  it "retrieves user information" do
    user_api.get_user(1)
    expect(last_response.status).to eq(200)
    expect(last_json_response).to eq(id: 1, name: "John Doe")
  end
end

Getting Started

Add Pact to your Gemfile:
```
gem 'pact'
```
Install the gem:
```
bundle install
```

Configure Pact in your test setup (e.g., spec_helper.rb):

require 'pact/consumer/rspec'

Pact.configure do |config|
  config.pact_dir = 'spec/pacts'
end

Start writing your consumer tests using the Pact DSL as shown in the code examples above.

Competitor Comparisons

factory_bot

7,909

A library for setting up Ruby objects as test data.

Pros of factory_bot

Simpler setup and usage for creating test data
More focused on object creation and less complex than contract testing
Widely adopted in the Ruby community, especially for Rails projects

Cons of factory_bot

Limited to object creation and doesn't provide contract testing capabilities
May encourage overuse of factories, leading to slower tests
Doesn't address API integration testing or consumer-driven contract testing

Code Comparison

factory_bot:

FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    name { "John Doe" }
    email { "john@example.com" }
  end
end

user = FactoryBot.create(:user)

pact-ruby:

pact = Pact.service_consumer("Consumer").has_pact_with("Provider")
pact.upon_receiving("a request for user data")
  .with(method: :get, path: "/users/1")
  .will_respond_with(
    status: 200,
    body: { name: "John Doe", email: "john@example.com" }
  )

While factory_bot focuses on creating objects for testing, pact-ruby is designed for contract testing between services. factory_bot is simpler to set up and use for basic object creation, but pact-ruby offers more comprehensive API testing capabilities. The choice between the two depends on the specific testing needs of the project.

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Cons of VCR

Limited to recording and replaying HTTP interactions, not suitable for contract testing
May not catch changes in API contracts or schemas
Less effective for testing microservices or distributed systems

Code Comparison

VCR:

VCR.use_cassette("example_cassette") do
  response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://example.com/api'))
  assert_equal "200", response.code
end

Pact:

pact = Pact.service_consumer("Consumer").has_pact_with("Provider")
pact.upon_receiving("a request for example data")
  .with(method: :get, path: '/api')
  .will_respond_with(status: 200, body: { data: 'example' })

Summary

VCR is ideal for recording and replaying HTTP interactions in tests, making it easier to test external API dependencies. It's simpler to set up and use compared to Pact. However, Pact is more suitable for contract testing and ensuring API compatibility between services, especially in microservices architectures. While VCR focuses on replaying recorded responses, Pact allows you to define and verify contracts between consumers and providers.

webmock

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Pros of WebMock

Simpler setup and usage for basic HTTP stubbing and mocking
Broader support for various HTTP libraries beyond just REST APIs
More flexible request matching options, including regex and custom matchers

Cons of WebMock

Lacks contract testing capabilities provided by Pact Ruby
Doesn't generate documentation or provide a collaborative platform for API contracts
Limited support for complex scenarios involving multiple services or microservices

Code Comparison

WebMock example:

stub_request(:get, "https://api.example.com/users")
  .to_return(status: 200, body: '{"users": []}', headers: {'Content-Type' => 'application/json'})

Pact Ruby example:

pact.service_provider("UserService") do
  service_consumer "ConsumerApp"
  mock_service :user_service do
    port 1234
  end
end

While WebMock focuses on stubbing HTTP requests, Pact Ruby is designed for contract testing between service providers and consumers. WebMock is more suitable for simple HTTP mocking scenarios, while Pact Ruby excels in ensuring API compatibility across services in a microservices architecture.

cucumber-ruby

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Cucumber for Ruby. It's amazing!

Pros of Cucumber

Widely adopted and well-established in the BDD community
Supports natural language specifications, making it accessible to non-technical stakeholders
Extensive ecosystem with plugins and integrations for various frameworks and tools

Cons of Cucumber

Can be slower to execute compared to unit tests or contract tests
Requires more setup and maintenance for test scenarios and step definitions
May lead to duplication of test code across different feature files

Code Comparison

Cucumber example:

Feature: User login
  Scenario: Successful login
    Given I am on the login page
    When I enter valid credentials
    Then I should be logged in successfully

Pact example:

pact = consumer.create_pact_with(provider)
pact.given("a user exists")
    .upon_receiving("a request for user authentication")
    .with(method: :post, path: "/login")
    .will_respond_with(status: 200, body: { token: "valid_token" })

While Cucumber focuses on describing behavior in natural language, Pact is specifically designed for contract testing between services. Cucumber is more versatile for various types of acceptance tests, while Pact excels in defining and verifying API contracts between consumers and providers.

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README

Pact

Define a pact between service consumers and providers, enabling "consumer driven contract" testing.

Pact provides a fluent API for service consumers to define the HTTP requests they will make to a service provider and the HTTP responses they expect back. These expectations are used in the consumer specs to provide a mock service provider. The interactions are recorded, and played back in the service provider specs to ensure the service provider actually does provide the response the consumer expects.

This allows testing of both sides of an integration point using fast unit tests.

This gem is inspired by the concept of "Consumer driven contracts". See this article by Ian Robinson for more information.

What is it good for?

Pact is most valuable for designing and testing integrations where you (or your team/organisation/partner organisation) control the development of both the consumer and the provider, and the requirements of the consumer are going to be used to drive the features of the provider. It is fantastic tool for developing and testing intra-organisation microservices.

What is it not good for?

Testing new or existing providers where the functionality is not being driven by the needs of the consumer (eg. public APIs)
Testing providers where the consumer and provider teams do not have good communication channels.
Performance and load testing.
Functional testing of the provider - that is what the provider's own tests should do. Pact is about checking the contents and format of requests and responses.
Situations where you cannot load data into the provider without using the API that you're actually testing (eg. public APIs). Why?
Testing "pass through" APIs, where the provider merely passes on the request contents to a downstream service without validating them. Why?

Features

A service is mocked using an actual process running on a specified port, so javascript clients can be tested as easily as backend clients.
"Provider states" (similar to fixtures) allow the same request to be made with a different expected response.
Consumers specify only the fields they are interested in, allowing a provider to return more fields without breaking the pact. This allows a provider to have a different pact with a different consumer, and know which fields each cares about in a given response.
RSpec and Minitest support for the service consumer codebase.
Rake tasks allow pacts to be verified against a service provider codebase.
Different versions of a consumer/provider pairs can be easily tested against each other, allowing confidence when deploying new versions of each (see the pact_broker and pact_broker-client gems).
Autogenerated API documentation - need we say more?
Autogenerated network diagrams with the Pact Broker

How does it work?

In the specs for the provider facing code in the consumer project, expectations are set up on a mock service provider.
When the specs are run, the mock service returns the expected responses. The requests, and their expected responses, are then written to a "pact" file.
The requests in the pact file are later replayed against the provider, and the actual responses are checked to make sure they match the expected responses.

Pact explanation diagram

Why is developing and testing with Pact better than using traditional system integration tests?

Faster execution.
Reliable responses from mock service reduce likelihood of flakey tests.
Causes of failure are easier to identify as only one component is being tested at a time.
Design of service provider is improved by considering first how the data is actually going to be used, rather than how it is most easily retrieved and serialised.
No separate integration environment required for automated integration tests - pact tests run in standalone CI builds.
Integration flows that would traditionally require running multiple services at the same time can be broken down and each integration point tested separately.

Getting help

Pact docs: docs.pact.io
Ruby Pact wiki: github.com/pact-foundation/pact-ruby/wiki
Slack: slack.pact.io
Stackoverflow: ruby pact questions or general pact questions
Twitter: @pact_up

Installation

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'pact'
# gem 'pact-consumer-minitest' for minitest

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install pact

Usage - an example scenario

We're going to write an integration, with Pact tests, between a consumer, the Zoo App, and its provider, the Animal Service. In the Consumer project, we're going to need a model (the Alligator class) to represent the data returned from the Animal Service, and a client (the AnimalServiceClient) which will be responsible for making the HTTP calls to the Animal Service.

Example

In the Zoo App (consumer) project

1. Start with your model

Imagine a model class that looks something like this. The attributes for an Alligator live on a remote server, and will need to be retrieved by an HTTP call to the Animal Service.

class Alligator
  attr_reader :name

  def initialize name
    @name = name
  end

  def == other
    other.is_a?(Alligator) && other.name == name
  end
end

2. Create a skeleton Animal Service client class

Imagine an Animal Service client class that looks something like this.

require 'httparty'

class AnimalServiceClient
  include HTTParty
  base_uri 'http://animal-service.com'

  def get_alligator
    # Yet to be implemented because we're doing Test First Development...
  end
end

3. Configure the mock Animal Service

The following code will create a mock service on localhost:1234 which will respond to your application's queries over HTTP as if it were the real "Animal Service" app. It also creates a mock provider object which you will use to set up your expectations. The method name to access the mock service provider will be what ever name you give as the service argument - in this case "animal_service"

# In /spec/service_providers/pact_helper.rb

require 'pact/consumer/rspec'
# or require 'pact/consumer/minitest' if you are using Minitest

Pact.service_consumer "Zoo App" do
  has_pact_with "Animal Service" do
    mock_service :animal_service do
      port 1234
      host "..." # optional, defaults to "localhost"
    end
  end
end

4. Write a failing spec for the Animal Service client

# In /spec/service_providers/animal_service_client_spec.rb

# When using RSpec, use the metadata `:pact => true` to include all the pact functionality in your spec.
# When using Minitest, include Pact::Consumer::Minitest in your spec.

describe AnimalServiceClient, :pact => true do

  before do
    # Configure your client to point to the stub service on localhost using the port you have specified
    AnimalServiceClient.base_uri 'localhost:1234'
  end

  subject { AnimalServiceClient.new }

  describe "get_alligator" do

    before do
      animal_service.given("an alligator exists").
        upon_receiving("a request for an alligator").
        with(method: :get, path: '/alligator', query: '').
        will_respond_with(
          status: 200,
          headers: {'Content-Type' => 'application/json'},
          body: {name: 'Betty'} )
    end

    it "returns an alligator" do
      expect(subject.get_alligator).to eq(Alligator.new('Betty'))
    end

  end

end

5. Run the specs

Running the AnimalServiceClient spec will generate a pact file in the configured pact dir (spec/pacts by default). Logs will be output to the configured log dir (log by default) that can be useful when diagnosing problems.

Of course, the above specs will fail because the Animal Service client method is not implemented, so next, implement your provider client methods.

6. Implement the Animal Service client consumer methods

class AnimalServiceClient
  include HTTParty
  base_uri 'http://animal-service.com'

  def get_alligator
    name = JSON.parse(self.class.get("/alligator").body)['name']
    Alligator.new(name)
  end
end

7. Run the specs again.

Green! You now have a pact file that can be used to verify your expectations of the Animal Service provider project.

Now, rinse and repeat for other likely status codes that may be returned. For example, consider how you want your client to respond to a:

404 (return null, or raise an error?)
500 (specifying that the response body should contain an error message, and ensuring that your client logs that error message will make your life much easier when things go wrong)
401/403 if there is authorisation.

In the Animal Service (provider) project

1. Create the skeleton API classes

Create your API class using the framework of your choice (the Pact authors have a preference for Webmachine and Roar) - leave the methods unimplemented, we're doing Test First Develoment, remember?

2. Tell your provider that it needs to honour the pact file you made earlier

Require "pact/tasks" in your Rakefile.

# In Rakefile
require 'pact/tasks'

Create a pact_helper.rb in your service provider project. The recommended place is spec/service_consumers/pact_helper.rb.

See Verifying Pacts and the Provider section of the Configuration documentation for more information.

# In spec/service_consumers/pact_helper.rb

require 'pact/provider/rspec'

Pact.service_provider "Animal Service" do

  honours_pact_with 'Zoo App' do

    # This example points to a local file, however, on a real project with a continuous
    # integration box, you would use a [Pact Broker](https://github.com/pact-foundation/pact_broker) or publish your pacts as artifacts,
    # and point the pact_uri to the pact published by the last successful build.

    pact_uri '../zoo-app/spec/pacts/zoo_app-animal_service.json'
  end
end

3. Run your failing specs

$ rake pact:verify

Congratulations! You now have a failing spec to develop against.

At this stage, you'll want to be able to run your specs one at a time while you implement each feature. At the bottom of the failed pact:verify output you will see the commands to rerun each failed interaction individually. A command to run just one interaction will look like this:

$ rake pact:verify PACT_DESCRIPTION="a request for an alligator" PACT_PROVIDER_STATE="an alligator exists"

4. Implement enough to make your first interaction spec pass

Rinse and repeat.

5. Keep going til you're green

Yay! Your Animal Service provider now honours the pact it has with your Zoo App consumer. You can now have confidence that your consumer and provider will play nicely together.

Using provider states

Each interaction in a pact is verified in isolation, with no context maintained from the previous interactions. So how do you test a request that requires data to already exist on the provider? Read about provider states here.

Configuration

See the Configuration section of the documentation for options relating to thing like logging, diff formatting, and documentation generation.

Pact best practices

As in all things, there are good ways to implement Pacts, and there are not so good ways. There are also some Pact GOTCHAS to beware of! Check out the Best practices section of the documentation to make sure you're not Pacting it Wrong.

Current Pact specification version

Currently, Ruby Pact supports writing Pacts in v2, and verifying Pacts in v3 format, HOWEVER it only supports the rules that were defined in v2 (like and term). If you are interested in helping add support for the v3 rules, please talk to @Beth in the #pact-ruby channel on our Slack.

Docs

Related libraries

Pact Provider Proxy - Verify a pact against a running server, allowing you to use pacts with a provider of any language.

Pact Broker - A pact repository. Provides endpoints to access published pacts, meaning you don't need to use messy CI URLs in your codebase. Enables cross testing of prod/head versions of your consumer and provider, allowing you to determine whether the head version of one is compatible with the production version of the other. Helps you to answer that ever so important question, "can I deploy without breaking all the things?"

Pact Broker Client - Contains rake tasks for publishing pacts to the pact_broker.

Shokkenki - Another Consumer Driven Contract gem written by one of Pact's original authors, Brent Snook. Shokkenki allows matchers to be composed using jsonpath expressions and allows auto-generation of mock response values based on regular expressions.

A list of Pact implementations in other languages - JVM, .Net, Javascript and Swift