pytorch-metric-learning

The easiest way to use deep metric learning in your application. Modular, flexible, and extensible. Written in PyTorch.

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Quick Overview

PyTorch Metric Learning is a library that provides a comprehensive collection of metric learning losses, miners, samplers, and trainers for PyTorch. It aims to make metric learning more accessible and easier to implement in various deep learning projects, offering a wide range of algorithms and techniques for learning similarity metrics between data points.

Pros

Extensive collection of metric learning algorithms and techniques
Easy integration with PyTorch projects
Well-documented with clear examples and tutorials
Actively maintained and regularly updated

Cons

Steep learning curve for beginners in metric learning
Some advanced features may require in-depth understanding of metric learning concepts
Performance can vary depending on the specific use case and dataset

Code Examples

Basic usage of Contrastive Loss:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses

loss_func = losses.ContrastiveLoss()
loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels)

Using a mining function with Triplet Margin Loss:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners

miner = miners.MultiSimilarityMiner()
loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
hard_pairs = miner(embeddings, labels)
loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, hard_pairs)

Implementing a basic metric learning trainer:

from pytorch_metric_learning import trainers, testers

trainer = trainers.MetricLossOnly(
    models={"trunk": trunk, "embedder": embedder},
    optimizers={"trunk_optimizer": trunk_optimizer, "embedder_optimizer": embedder_optimizer},
    loss_funcs={"metric_loss": loss_func},
    mining_funcs={"tuple_miner": miner},
)

trainer.train(num_epochs=10, train_loader=train_loader)

Getting Started

To get started with PyTorch Metric Learning, follow these steps:

Install the library:

pip install pytorch-metric-learning

Import the necessary modules:

import torch
from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances, reducers, testers

Define your model, loss function, and miner:

model = YourModel()
loss_func = losses.ContrastiveLoss()
miner = miners.MultiSimilarityMiner()

Use the loss function and miner in your training loop:

optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.01)
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    for batch in dataloader:
        embeddings = model(batch)
        hard_pairs = miner(embeddings, labels)
        loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, hard_pairs)
        loss.backward()
        optimizer.step()
        optimizer.zero_grad()

This basic setup will get you started with metric learning using PyTorch Metric Learning. For more advanced usage and detailed examples, refer to the library's documentation.

Competitor Comparisons

faiss

30,928

A library for efficient similarity search and clustering of dense vectors.

Pros of faiss

Highly optimized for large-scale similarity search and clustering
Supports GPU acceleration for faster processing
Provides efficient indexing structures for billion-scale datasets

Cons of faiss

Steeper learning curve due to its C++ core and Python bindings
Less integrated with PyTorch ecosystem
Focused primarily on similarity search, not as flexible for general metric learning tasks

Code Comparison

faiss:

import faiss
index = faiss.IndexFlatL2(d)
index.add(xb)
D, I = index.search(xq, k)

pytorch-metric-learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances
loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
mining_func = miners.TripletMarginMiner()
loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, mining_func(embeddings, labels))

faiss excels in efficient similarity search and indexing for large-scale datasets, while pytorch-metric-learning offers a more flexible and PyTorch-integrated approach to metric learning tasks. faiss is better suited for production-scale similarity search, while pytorch-metric-learning is more appropriate for research and experimentation in metric learning techniques.

similarity

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TensorFlow Similarity is a python package focused on making similarity learning quick and easy.

Pros of tensorflow/similarity

Seamless integration with TensorFlow ecosystem
Optimized for distributed training and large-scale deployments
Comprehensive documentation and examples for various use cases

Cons of tensorflow/similarity

Less flexible compared to pytorch-metric-learning
Smaller community and fewer third-party contributions
Limited support for custom loss functions and mining strategies

Code Comparison

pytorch-metric-learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances

loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
mining_func = miners.TripletMarginMiner()
distance = distances.CosineSimilarity()

loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, mining_func(embeddings, labels))

tensorflow/similarity:

import tensorflow_similarity as tfsim

loss = tfsim.losses.MultiSimilarityLoss()
model = tfsim.models.SimilarityModel(
    backbone=backbone,
    loss=loss,
    metrics=[tfsim.metrics.DistanceMetric(distance='cosine')]
)

Both libraries offer concise ways to implement metric learning, but pytorch-metric-learning provides more granular control over individual components, while tensorflow/similarity offers a more integrated approach within the TensorFlow ecosystem.

pytorch3d

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Pros of pytorch3d

Comprehensive 3D computer vision library with a wide range of functionalities
Optimized for GPU acceleration, providing faster computations for 3D tasks
Seamless integration with PyTorch ecosystem and neural networks

Cons of pytorch3d

Steeper learning curve due to its focus on 3D vision tasks
Less specialized in metric learning compared to pytorch-metric-learning
Larger codebase and potentially higher overhead for simpler tasks

Code Comparison

pytorch3d:

from pytorch3d.structures import Meshes
from pytorch3d.ops import sample_points_from_meshes
from pytorch3d.loss import chamfer_distance

verts, faces = load_mesh()
mesh = Meshes(verts=[verts], faces=[faces])
sample_points = sample_points_from_meshes(mesh, num_samples=5000)
loss = chamfer_distance(sample_points, target_points)

pytorch-metric-learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances

loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
mining_func = miners.TripletMarginMiner()
distance = distances.CosineSimilarity()

hard_pairs = mining_func(embeddings, labels)
loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, hard_pairs)

qdrant

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Qdrant - High-performance, massive-scale Vector Database for the next generation of AI. Also available in the cloud https://cloud.qdrant.io/

Pros of Qdrant

Designed specifically for vector similarity search and storage
Supports real-time updates and efficient querying
Offers a RESTful API and various client libraries

Cons of Qdrant

Limited to vector similarity search use cases
Requires separate infrastructure setup and maintenance
Less flexible for custom metric learning tasks

Code Comparison

Qdrant (Python client):

from qdrant_client import QdrantClient

client = QdrantClient("localhost", port=6333)
client.create_collection("my_collection", vector_size=768)
client.upsert("my_collection", [(1, [0.1, 0.2, 0.3], {"metadata": "value"})])

pytorch-metric-learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances

loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
mining_func = miners.TripletMarginMiner()
distance = distances.CosineSimilarity()

Summary

Qdrant is a specialized vector database for similarity search, offering efficient querying and storage. pytorch-metric-learning is a library for developing and training custom metric learning models. While Qdrant excels in production deployments for vector search, pytorch-metric-learning provides more flexibility for research and experimentation in metric learning tasks.

annoy

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Approximate Nearest Neighbors in C++/Python optimized for memory usage and loading/saving to disk

Pros of annoy

Lightweight and efficient for approximate nearest neighbor search
Language-agnostic with bindings for multiple programming languages
Optimized for memory usage and fast index building

Cons of annoy

Limited to specific use cases (nearest neighbor search)
Less flexibility for custom metric learning tasks
Fewer built-in distance metrics compared to pytorch-metric-learning

Code Comparison

annoy:

from annoy import AnnoyIndex

f = 40
t = AnnoyIndex(f, 'angular')
for i in range(1000):
    v = [random.gauss(0, 1) for z in range(f)]
    t.add_item(i, v)
t.build(10)

pytorch-metric-learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses, miners, distances

loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()
mining_func = miners.TripletMarginMiner()
distance = distances.CosineSimilarity()

loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, mining_func(embeddings, labels))

Summary

annoy is a specialized library for efficient approximate nearest neighbor search, while pytorch-metric-learning is a more comprehensive framework for metric learning tasks in PyTorch. annoy excels in performance and language support, but pytorch-metric-learning offers greater flexibility and a wider range of metric learning techniques.

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README

News

July 24: v2.6.0

Changed the emb argument of DistributedLossWrapper.forward to embeddings to be consistent with the rest of the library.
Added a warning and early-return when DistributedLossWrapper is being used in a non-distributed setting.
Thank you elisim.

April 1: v2.5.0

Improved get_all_triplets_indices so that large batch sizes don't trigger the INT_MAX error.
See the release notes.
Thank you mkmenta.

Documentation

Google Colab Examples

See the examples folder for notebooks you can download or run on Google Colab.

PyTorch Metric Learning Overview

This library contains 9 modules, each of which can be used independently within your existing codebase, or combined together for a complete train/test workflow.

high_level_module_overview

How loss functions work

Using losses and miners in your training loop

Letâs initialize a plain TripletMarginLoss:

from pytorch_metric_learning import losses
loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()

To compute the loss in your training loop, pass in the embeddings computed by your model, and the corresponding labels. The embeddings should have size (N, embedding_size), and the labels should have size (N), where N is the batch size.

# your training loop
for i, (data, labels) in enumerate(dataloader):
	optimizer.zero_grad()
	embeddings = model(data)
	loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels)
	loss.backward()
	optimizer.step()

The TripletMarginLoss computes all possible triplets within the batch, based on the labels you pass into it. Anchor-positive pairs are formed by embeddings that share the same label, and anchor-negative pairs are formed by embeddings that have different labels.

Sometimes it can help to add a mining function:

from pytorch_metric_learning import miners, losses
miner = miners.MultiSimilarityMiner()
loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss()

# your training loop
for i, (data, labels) in enumerate(dataloader):
	optimizer.zero_grad()
	embeddings = model(data)
	hard_pairs = miner(embeddings, labels)
	loss = loss_func(embeddings, labels, hard_pairs)
	loss.backward()
	optimizer.step()

In the above code, the miner finds positive and negative pairs that it thinks are particularly difficult. Note that even though the TripletMarginLoss operates on triplets, itâs still possible to pass in pairs. This is because the library automatically converts pairs to triplets and triplets to pairs, when necessary.

Customizing loss functions

Loss functions can be customized using distances, reducers, and regularizers. In the diagram below, a miner finds the indices of hard pairs within a batch. These are used to index into the distance matrix, computed by the distance object. For this diagram, the loss function is pair-based, so it computes a loss per pair. In addition, a regularizer has been supplied, so a regularization loss is computed for each embedding in the batch. The per-pair and per-element losses are passed to the reducer, which (in this diagram) only keeps losses with a high value. The averages are computed for the high-valued pair and element losses, and are then added together to obtain the final loss.

high_level_loss_function_overview

Now here's an example of a customized TripletMarginLoss:

from pytorch_metric_learning.distances import CosineSimilarity
from pytorch_metric_learning.reducers import ThresholdReducer
from pytorch_metric_learning.regularizers import LpRegularizer
from pytorch_metric_learning import losses
loss_func = losses.TripletMarginLoss(distance = CosineSimilarity(), 
				     reducer = ThresholdReducer(high=0.3), 
			 	     embedding_regularizer = LpRegularizer())

This customized triplet loss has the following properties:

The loss will be computed using cosine similarity instead of Euclidean distance.
All triplet losses that are higher than 0.3 will be discarded.
The embeddings will be L2 regularized.

Using loss functions for unsupervised / self-supervised learning

A SelfSupervisedLoss wrapper is provided for self-supervised learning:

from pytorch_metric_learning.losses import SelfSupervisedLoss
loss_func = SelfSupervisedLoss(TripletMarginLoss())

# your training for-loop
for i, data in enumerate(dataloader):
	optimizer.zero_grad()
	embeddings = your_model(data)
	augmented = your_model(your_augmentation(data))
	loss = loss_func(embeddings, augmented)
	loss.backward()
	optimizer.step()

If you're interested in MoCo-style self-supervision, take a look at the MoCo on CIFAR10 notebook. It uses CrossBatchMemory to implement the momentum encoder queue, which means you can use any tuple loss, and any tuple miner to extract hard samples from the queue.

Highlights of the rest of the library

For a convenient way to train your model, take a look at the trainers.
Want to test your model's accuracy on a dataset? Try the testers.
To compute the accuracy of an embedding space directly, use AccuracyCalculator.

If you're short of time and want a complete train/test workflow, check out the example Google Colab notebooks.

To learn more about all of the above, see the documentation.

Installation

Required PyTorch version

pytorch-metric-learning >= v0.9.90 requires torch >= 1.6
pytorch-metric-learning < v0.9.90 doesn't have a version requirement, but was tested with torch >= 1.2

Other dependencies: numpy, scikit-learn, tqdm, torchvision

Pip

pip install pytorch-metric-learning

To get the latest dev version:

pip install pytorch-metric-learning --pre

To install on Windows:

pip install torch===1.6.0 torchvision===0.7.0 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
pip install pytorch-metric-learning

To install with evaluation and logging capabilities

(This will install the unofficial pypi version of faiss-gpu, plus record-keeper and tensorboard):

pip install pytorch-metric-learning[with-hooks]

To install with evaluation and logging capabilities (CPU)

(This will install the unofficial pypi version of faiss-cpu, plus record-keeper and tensorboard):

pip install pytorch-metric-learning[with-hooks-cpu]

Conda

conda install -c conda-forge pytorch-metric-learning

To use the testing module, you'll need faiss, which can be installed via conda as well. See the installation instructions for faiss.

Benchmark results

See powerful-benchmarker to view benchmark results and to use the benchmarking tool.

Development

Development is done on the dev branch:

git checkout dev

Unit tests can be run with the default unittest library:

python -m unittest discover

You can specify the test datatypes and test device as environment variables. For example, to test using float32 and float64 on the CPU:

TEST_DTYPES=float32,float64 TEST_DEVICE=cpu python -m unittest discover

To run a single test file instead of the entire test suite, specify the file name:

python -m unittest tests/losses/test_angular_loss.py

Code is formatted using black and isort:

pip install black isort
./format_code.sh

Acknowledgements

Contributors

Thanks to the contributors who made pull requests!

Contributor	Highlights
domenicoMuscill0	- ManifoldLoss - P2SGradLoss - HistogramLoss - DynamicSoftMarginLoss - RankedListLoss
mlopezantequera	- Made the testers work on any combination of query and reference sets - Made AccuracyCalculator work with arbitrary label comparisons
cwkeam	- SelfSupervisedLoss - VICRegLoss - Added mean reciprocal rank accuracy to AccuracyCalculator - BaseLossWrapper
marijnl	- BatchEasyHardMiner - TwoStreamMetricLoss - GlobalTwoStreamEmbeddingSpaceTester - Example using trainers.TwoStreamMetricLoss
chingisooinar	SubCenterArcFaceLoss
elias-ramzi	HierarchicalSampler
fjsj	SupConLoss
AlenUbuntu	CircleLoss
interestingzhuo	PNPLoss
wconnell	Learning a scRNAseq Metric Embedding
mkmenta	Improved `get_all_triplets_indices` (fixed the `INT_MAX` error)
AlexSchuy	optimized `utils.loss_and_miner_utils.get_random_triplet_indices`
JohnGiorgi	`all_gather` in utils.distributed
Hummer12007	`utils.key_checker`
vltanh	Made `InferenceModel.train_indexer` accept datasets
btseytlin	`get_nearest_neighbors` in InferenceModel
mlw214	Added `return_per_class` to AccuracyCalculator
layumi	InstanceLoss
NoTody	Helped add `ref_emb` and `ref_labels` to the distributed wrappers.
ElisonSherton	Fixed an edge case in ArcFaceLoss.
stompsjo	Improved documentation for NTXentLoss.
Puzer	Bug fix for PNPLoss.
elisim	Developer improvements to DistributedLossWrapper.
GaetanLepage
z1w
thinline72
tpanum
fralik
joaqo
JoOkuma
gkouros
yutanakamura-tky
KinglittleQ
martin0258
michaeldeyzel
HSinger04
rheum
bot66

Facebook AI

Thank you to Ser-Nam Lim at Facebook AI, and my research advisor, Professor Serge Belongie. This project began during my internship at Facebook AI where I received valuable feedback from Ser-Nam, and his team of computer vision and machine learning engineers and research scientists. In particular, thanks to Ashish Shah and Austin Reiter for reviewing my code during its early stages of development.

Open-source repos

This library contains code that has been adapted and modified from the following great open-source repos:

Logo

Thanks to Jeff Musgrave for designing the logo.

Citing this library

If you'd like to cite pytorch-metric-learning in your paper, you can use this bibtex:

@article{Musgrave2020PyTorchML,
  title={PyTorch Metric Learning},
  author={Kevin Musgrave and Serge J. Belongie and Ser-Nam Lim},
  journal={ArXiv},
  year={2020},
  volume={abs/2008.09164}
}

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